Comparative Evaluation of the Pharyngeal Airways and Related Soft Tissues of Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients with the Noncleft Individuals

• Published in: The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal 2017-01, Vol.54 (1), p.53-59
• Main Authors: Aras, Isil, Dogan, Servet
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Age; Birth defects; Case-Control Studies; Cephalometry; Cleft Lip - diagnostic imaging; Cleft Lip - physiopathology; Cleft Palate - diagnostic imaging; Cleft Palate - physiopathology; Dentistry; Female; Humans; Male; Methods; Mouth; Orthodontics; Pharynx - abnormalities; Pharynx - diagnostic imaging; Pharynx - physiopathology; Respiration; Retrospective Studies; Sleep; Studies
• ISSN: 1055-6656; 1545-1569
• DOI: 10.1597/15-055

Aim This study is a comparison of pharyngeal airways and associated soft tissues of unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients with the noncleft individuals. Materials and Methods Twenty-four unilateral cleft lip and palate patients (UCLP), 21 bilateral cleft lip and palate patients (BCLP), and 26 noncleft patients (NC) between ages 15 to 17 were included in the study. Eleven linear, 1 angular, and 1 proportional measurements were carried out on pretreatment lateral cephalometric head films of these individuals. Results The nasopharyngeal depths were markedly reduced in BCLP when compared with the NC (P < .001) and UCLP (P < .01) with a significant difference (P < .01) also among UCLP and NC. Minimum space behind the tongue concerning BCLP and UCLP were significantly lower compared to the NC (P < .001 and P < .01, respectively). In pairwise comparison among the clefts, BCLP showed significant (P < .05) narrowing of this distance. Tongue heights and velar lengths were significantly (P < .001) lower in cleft groups compared to the controls. Similarly, the hyoid bone was positioned in a significantly (P < .01) anterior and inferior direction in cleft patients. Comparison of the mean ratio of velar length to nasopharyngeal depth of the three groups revealed significant (P < .001) inadequacies in cleft patients with significantly (P < .05) more severely reduced values in BCLP. Conclusion Pharyngeal airways and involved soft tissues of cleft patients show serious inadequacies compared to controls, with significant diversities among cleft types pertaining to some of the parameters investigated. It should be kept in mind that these variations can influence function in terms of respiration and phonation.