Sex-dependent association between angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and obesity in relation to sodium intake in children

• Published in: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) Los Angeles County, Calif.), 2013-03, Vol.29 (3), p.525-530
• Main Authors: Yang, Soo Jin, Ph.D, Kim, Sunyoung, M.S, Park, Hyesoon, M.D, Kim, Seon-Mee, M.D, Choi, Kyung-Mook, M.D, Lim, Yunsook, Ph.D, Lee, Myoungsook, Ph.D
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adiposity; Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism; Biological and medical sciences; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular diseases; Child; Children; Children & youth; Cholesterol; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Environmental factors; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Gender-dependent association; Gene Deletion; Gene Frequency; Genotype; Heterozygote; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Medical sciences; Metabolic diseases; Metabolic disorders; Mutagenesis, Insertional; Obesity; Obesity - enzymology; Obesity - genetics; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A - genetics; Polymorphism, Genetic - genetics; Republic of Korea; Sex Factors; Sodium; Sodium intake; Sodium, Dietary - administration & dosage; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Waist Circumference
• ISSN: 0899-9007; 1873-1244
• DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.001

Abstract Objective Obesity is a complex condition that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors and is associated with an increased risk for diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is well characterized in the control of blood pressure. This study investigated whether the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism affects obesity in relation to sodium intake in children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1260 elementary schoolchildren (633 boys and 627 girls). Subjects were assessed for the degree of obesity, sodium intake, and ACE I/D genotype, and associations were evaluated between the ACE I/D polymorphism and obesity in relation to sodium intake. Results Sodium intake was significantly correlated with the obesity index ( r = 0.048, P = 0.016) and was particularly high in obese D-carrier boys compared with normal D-carrier boys. D-carrier boys did not show any association with the degree of obesity, whereas D-carrier girls with a high sodium intake exhibited a significant association (odds ratio 0.551, P = 0.042) and a negative correlation between the D allele and obesity as a continuous variable (regression coefficient −3.095, P = 0.020), showing gender-dependent associations between the ACE I/D polymorphism and obesity in relation to sodium intake. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and obesity in relation to sodium intake is gender dependent in children.