Inhibition of the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase induces orofacial defects in zebrafish

• Published in: Birth defects research. A Clinical and molecular teratology 2016-10, Vol.106 (10), p.814-830
• Main Authors: Signore, Iskra A., Jerez, Carolina, Figueroa, Diego, Suazo, José, Marcelain, Katherine, Cerda, Oscar, Colombo Flores, Alicia
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced - enzymology; Abnormalities, Drug-Induced - genetics; Animals; Atorvastatin Calcium - adverse effects; Atorvastatin Calcium - pharmacology; cholesterol pathway; Cleft Lip - chemically induced; Cleft Lip - enzymology; Cleft Lip - genetics; Cleft Lip - pathology; Cleft Palate - chemically induced; Cleft Palate - enzymology; Cleft Palate - genetics; Cleft Palate - pathology; Danio rerio; HMGCR; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases - genetics; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases - metabolism; Mutation; orofacial cleft; orofacial malformation; SHh-signaling; statins; zebrafish; Zebrafish - genetics; Zebrafish - metabolism; Zebrafish Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors; Zebrafish Proteins - genetics; Zebrafish Proteins - metabolism
• ISSN: 1542-0752; 1542-0760
• DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23546

Background Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are common birth defects, which include a range of disorders with a complex etiology affecting formation of craniofacial structures. Some forms of syndromic OFCs are produced by defects in the cholesterol pathway. The principal enzyme of the cholesterol pathway is the 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMGCR). Our aim is to study whether defects of HMGCR function would produce orofacial malformation similar to those found in disorders of cholesterol synthesis. Methods We used zebrafish hmgcrb mutants and HMGCR inhibition assay using atorvastatin during early and late stages of orofacial morphogenesis in zebrafish. To describe craniofacial phenotypes, we stained cartilage and bone and performed in situ hybridization using known craniofacial markers. Also, we visualized neural crest cell migration in a transgenic fish. Results Our results showed that mutants displayed loss of cartilage and diminished orofacial outgrowth, and in some cases palatal cleft. Late treatments with statin show a similar phenotype. Affected‐siblings displayed a moderate phenotype, whereas early‐treated embryos had a minor cleft. We found reduced expression of the downstream component of Sonic Hedgehog‐signaling gli1 in ventral brain, oral ectoderm, and pharyngeal endoderm in mutants and in late atorvastatin‐treated embryos. Conclusion Our results suggest that HMGCR loss‐of‐function primarily affects postmigratory cranial neural crest cells through abnormal Sonic Hedgehog signaling, probably induced by reduction in metabolites of the cholesterol pathway. Malformation severity correlates with the grade of HMGCR inhibition, developmental stage of its disruption, and probably with availability of maternal lipids. Together, our results might help to understand the spectrum of orofacial phenotypes found in cholesterol synthesis disorders. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:814–830, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.