Self-assemblages in insect societies

• Published in: Insectes sociaux 2002-01, Vol.49 (2), p.99-110
• Main Authors: ANDERSON, C, THERAULAZ, G, DENEUBOURG, J.-L
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animal ethology; Biological and medical sciences; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Protozoa. Invertebrata; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
• ISSN: 0020-1812; 1420-9098
• DOI: 10.1007/s00040-002-8286-y

In insect societies, a number of very striking collective structures are formed by individuals linking themselves to one another. One such example is an army ant bivouac. These structures are termed self-assemblages and are part of a more general and important aspect of insect societies - intermediate-level parts - in which functional group-level adaptive structures are formed. These parts are, in a sense, the tissues and organs of complex insect societies. Here we review the natural history of self-assemblages in insect societies. We find that at least 18 different types of structure exist: bivouacs, bridges, curtains, droplets, escape droplets, festoons, fills, flanges, ladders, ovens, plugs, pulling chains, queen clusters, rafts, swarms, thermoregulatory clusters, tunnels, and walls. These self-assemblages are found in a variety of species of ants, bees, and wasps, but (as far as we are aware) not in termites. The function of these self-assemblages can be grouped under five broad categories which are not mutually exclusive: 1) defence, 2) pulling structures, 3) thermoregulation, 4) colony survival under inclement conditions, and 5) ease of passage when crossing an obstacle. The paucity of our knowledge concerning the factors that favour self-assemblage formation and the likely proximate mechanisms are highlighted.