An empirical thermal correction model for Moon Mineralogy Mapper data constrained by laboratory spectra and Diviner temperatures

• Published in: Journal of geophysical research. Planets 2016-10, Vol.121 (10), p.2081-2107
• Main Authors: Li, Shuai, Milliken, Ralph E.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Albedo; bolometric temperature; Constraints; Conversion; Correlation; Data acquisition; Deposits; Emission spectra; Estimates; Glass; Illumination; Laboratories; LRO Diviner; Lunar spacecraft; Lunar surface; Mathematical models; Mineralogy; Moon; Moon Mineralogy Mapper; Power law; Radiance; Reconnaissance; Reflectance; Reflectivity; Soil (material); Spectra; Spinel; surface anisothermality; Surface temperature; Temperature effects; the Moon; thermal correction; Time measurement; Wavelengths; Weathering
• ISSN: 2169-9097; 2169-9100
• DOI: 10.1002/2016JE005035

Radiance measured by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) at wavelengths beyond ~2 µm commonly includes both solar reflected and thermally emitted contributions from the lunar surface. Insufficient correction (removal) of the thermal contribution can modify and even mask absorptions at these wavelengths in derived surface reflectance spectra, an effect that precludes accurate identification and analysis of OH and/or H2O absorptions. This study characterized thermal effects in M3 data by evaluating surface temperatures measured independently by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner radiometer, and results confirm that M3 data (Level 2) currently available in the Planetary Data System often contain significant thermal contributions. It is impractical to use independent Diviner measurements to correct all M3 images for the Moon because not every M3 pixel has a corresponding Diviner measurement acquired at the same local time of lunar day. Therefore, a new empirical model, constrained by Diviner data, has been developed based on the correlation of reflectance at 1.55 µm and at 2.54 µm observed in laboratory reflectance spectra of Apollo and Luna soil and glass‐rich samples. Reflectance values at these wavelengths follow a clear power law, R2.54µm=1.124R1.55µm0.8793, for a wide range of lunar sample compositions and maturity. A nearly identical power law is observed in M3 reflectance data that have been independently corrected by using Diviner‐based temperatures, confirming that this is a general reflectance property of materials that typify the lunar surface. These results demonstrate that reflectance at a thermally affected wavelength (2.54 µm) can be predicted within 2% (absolute) based on reflectance values at shorter wavelengths where thermal contributions are negligible and reflectance is dominant. Radiance at 2.54 µm that is in excess of the expected amount is assumed to be due to thermal emission and is removed during conversion of at‐sensor radiance to reflectance or I/F. Removal of this thermal contribution by using this empirically based model provides a more accurate view of surface reflectance properties at wavelengths >2 µm, with the benefit that it does not require independent measurements or modeling of surface temperatures at the same local time as M3 data were acquired. It is demonstrated that this model is appropriate for common lunar surface compositions (e.g., mare and highlands soils and pyroclastic deposits), but surface compositions with r