Basal insulin treatment intensification in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive systematic review of current options

• Published in: Diabetes & metabolism 2017-04, Vol.43 (2), p.110-124
• Main Author: Raccah, D
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Basal insulin; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - drug therapy; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors - administration & dosage; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Glycated Hemoglobin A; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents - administration & dosage; Hypoglycemic Agents - therapeutic use; Incretins - administration & dosage; Incretins - therapeutic use; Insulin - administration & dosage; Insulin - therapeutic use; Internal Medicine; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 - antagonists & inhibitors; Treatment intensification; Treatment Outcome; Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• ISSN: 1262-3636; 1878-1780
• DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.11.007

Abstract Aim As type 2 diabetes mellitus progresses, most patients require treatment with basal insulin in combination with another agent to achieve recommended glycaemic targets. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the evidence supporting the use of the available add-on treatments [rapid-acting insulin (RAI), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors and sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors] to basal insulin. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE and EBSCOhost were searched for English-language articles, and all those captured were original articles (case studies and narrative reviews were omitted). Data on study design, population demographics, interventions and outcomes were tabulated. The extracted outcome data included changes in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c ), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), as well as body weight and safety data. Results A total of 88 publications were deemed relevant. All treatments reduced HbA1c and FPG. The most pronounced reductions in PPG, an unmet need in patients not controlled by basal insulin, were seen following administration of RAIs and short-acting GLP-1 RAs, although data for this outcome are generally lacking. Body weight benefits were observed with GLP-1 RAs and SGLT-2 inhibitors. However, as only articles in English were included, the result was a possible publication bias, while the diversity of study designs and drug combinations limited comparisons between studies. Conclusion The evidence supports effectiveness of the available add-on treatments to basal insulin. However, other factors, such as potential body-weight increases, convenience/compliance and adverse events, particularly hypoglycaemia, should be considered on a patient-by-patient basis to optimalize treatment outcomes.