Influence of Apnea-induced Hypoxia on Catecholamine Release and Cardiovascular Dynamics

Abstract Abstract Prolonged breath-hold causes complex compensatory mechanisms such as increase in blood pressure, redistribution of blood flow, and bradycardia. We tested whether apnea induces an elevation of catecholamine-concentrations in well-trained apneic divers. 11 apneic divers performed max...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of sports medicine 2017-02, Vol.38 (2), p.85-91
Main Authors: Eichhorn, Lars, Erdfelder, Felix, Kessler, Florian, Dolscheid-Pommerich, Ramona C., Zur, Berndt, Hoffmann, Uwe, Ellerkmann, R. Ellerkmann, Meyer, Rainer
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Apnea - blood
Blood Pressure
Breath Holding
Carbon Dioxide - analysis
Diving - physiology
Epinephrine - blood
Female
Heart Rate
Hemoglobins
Humans
Hypoxia - blood
Male
Middle Aged
Norepinephrine - blood
Oximetry
Oxygen - blood
Physiology & Biochemistry
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
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Summary:Abstract Abstract Prolonged breath-hold causes complex compensatory mechanisms such as increase in blood pressure, redistribution of blood flow, and bradycardia. We tested whether apnea induces an elevation of catecholamine-concentrations in well-trained apneic divers. 11 apneic divers performed maximal dry apnea in a horizontal position. Parameters measured during apnea included blood pressure, ECG, and central, in addition to peripheral hemoglobin oxygenation. Peripheral arterial hemoglobin oxygenation was detected by pulse oximetry, whereas peripheral (abdominal) and central (cerebral) tissue oxygenation was measured by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). Exhaled O 2 and CO 2 , plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations were measured before and after apnea. Averaged apnea time was 247±76 s. Systolic blood pressure increased from 135±13 to 185±25 mmHg. End-expiratory CO 2 increased from 29±4 mmHg to 49±6 mmHg. Norepinephrine increased from 623±307 to 1 826±984 pg ml −1 and epinephrine from 78±22 to 143±65 pg ml −1 during apnea. Heart rate reduction was inversely correlated with increased norepinephrine (correlation coefficient −0.844, p=0.001). Central (cerebral) O 2 desaturation was time-delayed compared to peripheral O 2 desaturation as measured by NIRS abdominal and SpO 2 . Increased norepinephrine caused by apnea may contribute to blood shift from peripheral tissues to the CNS and thus help to preserve cerebral tissue O 2 saturation longer than that of peripheral tissue.
ISSN:0172-4622
1439-3964
DOI:10.1055/s-0042-107351