Optimization of dissolved urea measurements in coastal waters with the combination of a single reagent and high temperature

• Published in: Journal of oceanography 2017-04, Vol.73 (2), p.249-258
• Main Authors: Alam, Md. Shafiul, Casareto, Beatriz E., Suzuki, Yoshimi, Sultana, Rumana, Suzuki, Toshiyuki
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algae; Aquatic organisms; Bacillariophyceae; Chemical oceanography; Coastal ecosystems; Coastal environments; Coastal waters; Coasts; Coral reefs; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Freshwater & Marine Ecology; High temperature; Marine; Marine ecology; Nitrogen cycle; Ocean temperature; Oceanography; Original Article; Reagents; Sulfuric acid; Urea; Wastewater discharges
• ISSN: 0916-8370; 1573-868X
• DOI: 10.1007/s10872-016-0400-2

Urea is an unstable and intermediate organic nitrogenous compound present in coastal environments and is derived from the excretion of some aquatic organisms and wastewater discharges. Urea plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle, where it is utilized by algae, including diatoms. However, there are very limited relevant data on the production, consumption, and degradation of urea because of the lack of appropriate measurement techniques. The conventional method is based on the formation of a colored product when urea reacts with diacetyl monoxime in a sulfuric acid solution. We examined the optimal conditions for the formation of the colored product; specifically, we evaluated different temperatures (22–80 °C), reaction times, mixing ratios of color reagents, and sample storage times. Application of the single mixed color-developing reagent (COLDER) at 70 °C resulted in the optimal formation of the colored product within a short reaction time of 60 min. This method was then used to measure dissolved urea in different coastal environments. The concentrations detected were as follows: 0.65–0.72, 0.49–0.58, and 1.09–2.28 µM urea-N at coral reef, seagrass, and mangrove sites, respectively. Our results showed high precision (SD = 0.02, CV = 1.2%), a low detection limit (0.03 µM urea-N), and a high recovery rate (94–99%). In summary, this high-temperature procedure for urea measurements should be valuable for obtaining high-precision data that can further the understanding of urea dynamics and its role in coastal ecosystems.