Delivering direct acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C to highly marginalised and current drug injecting populations in a targeted primary health care setting

• Published in: The International journal of drug policy 2017-09, Vol.47, p.209-215
• Main Authors: Read, Phillip, Lothian, Rebecca, Chronister, Karen, Gilliver, Rosie, Kearley, John, Dore, Gregory J, van Beek, Ingrid
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aboriginal Australians; Adult; Adults; Aged; Alcohol; Alcohol use; Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use; Antiviral drugs; Antivirals; Australia; Blood diseases; Clinical outcomes; Cohort Studies; Community Health Services; Delayed; Drug abuse; Drug policy; Drug use; Drug Users; Drugs; Feasibility; Female; Harm reduction; Health services; Hepatitis; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C, Chronic - complications; Hepatitis C, Chronic - drug therapy; High risk; Homeless people; Humans; Indigenous peoples; Injections; Integrated care; Internal Medicine; Intravenous drugs; Liver; Liver diseases; Male; Medical Education; Medical treatment; Middle Aged; Multivariate analysis; Opioids; People who inject drugs; Primary care; Primary Health Care; Public health; Risk assessment; Social exclusion; Substance abuse; Substance Abuse, Intravenous - complications; Sustained Virologic Response; Targeted primary health care; Therapy; Treatment; Treatment compliance; Treatment outcomes; Viruses; Vulnerable Populations
• ISSN: 0955-3959; 1873-4758
• DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.032

Abstract Background The Kirketon Road Centre (KRC) is a community-based public health facility in Sydney, Australia, that provides healthcare to people who inject drugs (PWID) care, including hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment. From March 2016, the Australian Government has provided access to direct-acting antivirals (DAA) for adults with chronic HCV, without liver disease stage or drug and alcohol use restrictions. The aim of this study was to report DAA treatment outcomes among highly marginalised PWID treated at KRC. Methods All individuals initiating DAA treatment at KRC and due for sustained virological response (SVR12) testing by end 2016 were included. Demographic, drug use behaviour, clinical parameters, adherence support and HCV treatment outcomes, including SVR12 were recorded. Factors associated with SVR12, loss-to-follow-up (LTFU) and delayed SVR12 testing (>SVR16) were assessed by multivariate analysis. SVR12 was assessed by intention-to-treat (ITT) and modified ITT, the latter excluding individuals with an end-of-treatment response (ETR) but no SVR12 assessment, or who postponed their SVR12 date due to treatment interruption. Results A total of 72 individuals commencing DAAs were included, of whom 67% were male, 30% homeless, and 32% Aboriginal. All had a lifetime history of injecting drug use, with 75% having injected within the last six months, and 44% injecting at least weekly; 25% were also enrolled in opioid substitution therapy. Twenty-five (35%) individuals elected to receive an enhanced adherence-support package. Fifty-nine of 72 (82%) individuals due for SVR12 attended for testing, of whom 59/59 (100%) achieved SVR, providing an ITT SVR of 82%. A further six individuals had undetectable HCV RNA at ETR, but no SVR12 assessment, and one interrupted treatment, providing a mITT SVR of 91%. Homelessness was associated with delayed SVR12 testing (OR 24.9 95%CI 2.9–212.8, p = 0.003). There was no association between LTFU and frequency of drug injection, last drug injected, or planned treatment duration. Conclusion This study confirms that PWID can be successfully treated for HCV in a real-world setting using an integrated primary health care model. It also demonstrates feasibility to upscale DAA therapy in high-risk PWID populations, with potential individual and population-level public health benefits. Enhanced efforts are required to optimise post-treatment follow-up.