Postictal hypoperfusion/hypoxia provides the foundation for a unified theory of seizure‐induced brain abnormalities and behavioral dysfunction

• Published in: Epilepsia (Copenhagen) 2017-09, Vol.58 (9), p.1493-1501
• Main Authors: Farrell, Jordan S., Colangeli, Roberto, Wolff, Marshal D., Wall, Alexandra K., Phillips, Thomas J., George, Antis, Federico, Paolo, Teskey, G. Campbell
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anatomic abnormalities; Animals; Anxiety; Behavioral dysfunction; Blood-brain barrier; Brain - blood supply; Brain - physiopathology; Brain injury; Calcium channels; Calcium channels (L-type); Calcium Channels, L-Type - metabolism; Cognitive ability; Convulsions & seizures; Cyclooxygenase 2 - metabolism; Cyclooxygenase-2; Epilepsy; Humans; Hypoperfusion; Hypoxia; Hypoxia, Brain - physiopathology; Ischemia; Membrane permeability; Memory; Mental depression; Models, Biological; Neuronal-glial interactions; Paresis; Psychosis; Seizures; Seizures - complications; Seizures - physiopathology; Stroke; Vasoconstriction
• ISSN: 0013-9580; 1528-1167
• DOI: 10.1111/epi.13827

Summary A recent article by Farrell et al. characterizes the phenomenon, mechanisms, and treatment of a local and severe hypoperfusion/hypoxia event that occurs in brain regions following a focal seizure. Given the well‐established role of cerebral ischemia/hypoxia in brain damage and behavioral dysfunction in other clinical settings (e.g., stroke, cerebral vasospasm), we put forward a new theory: postictal hypoperfusion/hypoxia is responsible for the negative consequences associated with seizures. Fortunately, inhibition of two separate molecular targets, cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and l‐type calcium channels, can prevent the expression of postictal hypoperfusion/hypoxia. These inhibitors are important experimental tools used to separate the seizure from the resulting hypoperfusion/hypoxia and can allow researchers to address the contribution of this phenomenon to negative outcomes associated with seizures. Herein we address the implications of this postictal stroke‐like event in acute behavioral dysfunction (e.g., Todd's paresis) and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Moreover, anatomic alterations such as increased blood–brain barrier permeability, glial activation, central inflammation, and neuronal loss could also be a consequence of repeated hypoperfusion/hypoxic events and, in turn, underlie chronic interictal cognitive and behavioral comorbidities (e.g., memory deficits, anxiety, depression, and psychosis) and exacerbate epileptogenesis. Thus these seemingly disparate and clinically important observations may share a common point of origin: postictal hypoperfusion/hypoxia.