The impact of age and sex on the reporting of cough and angioedema with renin–angiotensin system inhibitors: a case/noncase study in VigiBase

• Published in: Fundamental & clinical pharmacology 2017-12, Vol.31 (6), p.676-684
• Main Authors: Alharbi, Fawaz F., Kholod, Anzhelika A.V., Souverein, Patrick C., Meyboom, Ronald H., Groot, Mark C.H., Boer, Anthonius, Klungel, Olaf H.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: ACE inhibitors; Adolescent; Adult; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Age; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; aliskiren; Angioedema; Angioedema - chemically induced; Angioedema - epidemiology; angiotensin receptors blockers; Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors - adverse effects; Antihypertensive Agents - adverse effects; Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Cough - chemically induced; Cough - epidemiology; Databases, Factual; Edema; Female; Geriatrics; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Inhibitors; Male; Men; Middle Aged; Older people; Peptidyl-dipeptidase A; Pharmacology; Pharmacovigilance; Regression analysis; Renin; Renin-Angiotensin System; Sex; Sex Factors; Subgroups; VigiBase; Women
• ISSN: 0767-3981; 1472-8206
• DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12313

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of age and sex on the reporting of cough and angioedema related to renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors. A case/noncase study was performed in VigiBase. Two case groups were identified, reports of cough and reports of angioedema, and noncases were all reports of all other adverse events. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between reporting of cough and angioedema with each class of RAS inhibitors stratified by age/sex and to control for confounding. The reporting of cough with angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors was significantly higher in women than in men [adjusted reporting odds ratio (ROR): 44.0, 95% CI (43.2–44.8) for women vs. 29.2, 95% CI (28.5–29.9) for men]. There was no difference in reporting of cough linked to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and aliskiren between men and women. In contrast, the reporting of angioedema with ACE inhibitors and ARBs was significantly higher in men than in women, but for aliskiren, women had a significantly higher ROR than men [adjusted ROR: 5.20, 95% CI (4.18–6.46) for women vs. 3.04, 95% CI (2.30–4.02) for men]. The reporting of cough with ACE inhibitors was increased with age until reaching a plateau at middle adulthood (40–59 years) and the reporting of angioedema with ACE inhibitors was increased with age until elderly (60–79 years). Age had only a slight effect on the reporting of cough and angioedema with ARBs and aliskiren. Both age and sex have substantial effects on the reporting of cough and angioedema with RAS inhibitors and in particular ACE inhibitors. Further study is needed to determine whether these differences mainly express different adverse drug reaction risks in subgroups or also can be explained by factors influencing reporting.