Karlotoxin mediates grazing by Oxyrrhis marina on strains of Karlodinium veneficum

Karlodinium veneficum is a common member of temperate, coastal phytoplankton assemblages that occasionally forms blooms associated with fish kills. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the cytotoxic and ichthyotoxic compounds produced by K. veneficum, karlotoxins, can have anti-grazing properties aga...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Harmful algae 2007-04, Vol.6 (3), p.400-412
Main Authors: Adolf, Jason E., Krupatkina, Danara, Bachvaroff, Tsvetan, Place, Allen R.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Algae
Animal and plant ecology
Animal, plant and microbial ecology
Autoecology
Biological and medical sciences
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Grazing
Karlodinium
Karlodinium veneficum
Karlotoxin
Marine
Oxyrrhis
Oxyrrhis marina
Plant cytology, morphology, systematics, chorology and evolution
Plants and fungi
Thallophyta
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Summary:Karlodinium veneficum is a common member of temperate, coastal phytoplankton assemblages that occasionally forms blooms associated with fish kills. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the cytotoxic and ichthyotoxic compounds produced by K. veneficum, karlotoxins, can have anti-grazing properties against the heterotrophic dinoflagellate, Oxyrrhis marina. The sterol composition of O. marina (>80% cholesterol) renders it sensitive to karlotoxin, and does not vary substantially when fed different algal diets even for prey that are resistant to karlotoxin. At in situ bloom concentrations (10 4–10 5 K. veneficum ml −1), grazing rates (cells ingested per Oxyrrhis h −1) on toxic K. veneficum strain CCMP 2064 were ∼55% that observed on the non-toxic K. veneficum strain MD5. At lower prey concentrations typical of in situ non-bloom levels (
ISSN:1568-9883
1878-1470
DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2006.12.003