Cues produced by reward and nonreward and temporal cues influence responding in the intertrial interval and to the conditioned stimulus

• Published in: Learning and motivation 2007-02, Vol.38 (1), p.1-15
• Main Authors: Capaldi, E.J., Martins, Ana, Miller, Ronald M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Association (Psychology); Behavioral Science Research; Classical Conditioning; Cues; Ethology; Intertrial responding; Intervals; Learning; Memory; Motivation; Pacing; Percentage of reward; Psychological Studies; Reward produced memories; Rewards; Rodents; Schedules of reward; Single alternation patterning; Stimuli
• ISSN: 0023-9690; 1095-9122
• DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2006.05.002

Rats in a Pavlovian situation were trained under three different reward schedules, at either a 30 s or a 90 s intertrial interval (ITI): Consistent reward (C), 50% irregular reward (I), and single alternation of reward and nonrewarded trials (SA). Activity was recorded to the conditioned stimulus (CS) and in all 10 s bins in each ITI except the first 10 s bin. Responding increased progressively over the bins of the 90 s ITI indicating a role for temporal cues in the ITI. Single alternation patterning (SAP), more vigorous responding on rewarded than on nonrewarded trials, occurred in the ITI as well as to the CS and differed little at the 30 s and 90 s ITI. The occurrence of SAP to the CS and, as shown here for the first time, in the ITI along with the findings for the C and I schedules, indicate three matters of importance. First, along with other cues such as temporal cues, behavior is influenced by cues associated with reward and nonreward both in the ITI and when the CS is presented. Second, as the percentage of reward associated with these cues increases so too does vigor of responding. Finally, if the cues produced by reward events are memories the retrieval cues for such memories are present in the ITI as well as when the CS is presented. Considerations are advanced indicating that reward produced cues may influence responding in the Pavlovian situation not only under regular schedules such as the SA schedule, but under all schedules. Indeed, such cues may more validly signal reward and nonreward than the CS itself.