Climatic and anthropogenic factors affecting river discharge to the global ocean, 1951–2000

• Published in: Global and planetary change 2008-06, Vol.62 (3), p.187-194
• Main Authors: Milliman, J.D., Farnsworth, K.L., Jones, P.D., Xu, K.H., Smith, L.C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Arctic; dams; evapotranspiration; Freshwater; global river discharge; irrigation; Marine; precipitation
• ISSN: 0921-8181; 1872-6364
• DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.03.001

During the last half of the 20th century, cumulative annual discharge from 137 representative rivers (watershed areas ranging from 0.3 to 6300 × 10 3 km 2) to the global ocean remained constant, although annual discharge from about one-third of these rivers changed by more than 30%. Discharge trends for many rivers reflected mostly changes in precipitation, primarily in response to short- and longer-term atmospheric–oceanic signals; with the notable exception of the Parana, Mississippi, Niger and Cunene rivers, few of these “normal" rivers experienced significant changes in either discharge or precipitation. Cumulative discharge from many mid-latitude rivers, in contrast, decreased by 60%, reflecting in large part impacts due to damming, irrigation and interbasin water transfers. A number of high-latitude and high-altitude rivers experienced increased discharge despite generally declining precipitation. Poorly constrained meteorological and hydrological data do not seem to explain fully these “excess” rivers; changed seasonality in discharge, decreased storage and/or decreased evapotranspiration also may play important roles.