Streambank Soil and Phosphorus Losses Under Different Riparian Land-Uses in Iowa

• Published in: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 2008-08, Vol.44 (4), p.935-947
• Main Authors: Zaimes, George N, Schultz, Richard C
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: bank erosion; best management practices; cattle; crop rotation; Earth sciences; Earth, ocean, space; Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics; Exact sciences and technology; Freshwater; grazing; grazing practices; Hydrology; Hydrology. Hydrogeology; land use; losses from soil; nonpoint source pollution; pastures; phosphorus; pollutants; Pollution, environment geology; riparian areas; riparian forests; rotational grazing; sediment yield; soil and phosphorus losses; stream channels; streambank erosion; water pollution; water quality; Water resources
• ISSN: 1093-474X; 1752-1688
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00210.x

Phosphorus and sediment are major nonpoint source pollutants that degrade water quality. Streambank erosion can contribute a significant percentage of the phosphorus and sediment load in streams. Riparian land-uses can heavily influence streambank erosion. The objective of this study was to compare streambank erosion along reaches of row-cropped fields, continuous, rotational and intensive rotational grazed pastures, pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream, grass filters and riparian forest buffers, in three physiographic regions of Iowa. Streambank erosion was measured by surveying the extent of severely eroding banks within each riparian land-use reach and randomly establishing pin plots on subsets of those eroding banks. Based on these measurements, streambank erosion rate, erosion activity, maximum pin plot erosion rate, percentage of streambank length with severely eroding banks, and soil and phosphorus losses per unit length of stream reach were compared among the riparian land-uses. Riparian forest buffers had the lowest streambank erosion rate (15-46 mm/year) and contributed the least soil (5-18 tonne/km/year) and phosphorus (2-6 kg/km/year) to stream channels. Riparian forest buffers were followed by grass filters (erosion rates 41-106 mm/year, soil losses 22-47 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 9-14 kg/km/year) and pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream (erosion rates 22-58 mm/year, soil losses 6-61 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 3-34 kg/km/year). The streambank erosion rates for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 101-171, 104-122, and 94-170 mm/year, respectively. The soil losses for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 197-264, 94-266, and 124-153 tonne/km/year, respectively, while the phosphorus losses were 71-123, 37-122, and 66 kg/km/year, respectively. The only significant differences for these pasture practices were found among the percentage of severely eroding bank lengths with intensive rotational grazed pastures having the least compared to the continuous and rotational grazed pastures. Row-cropped fields had the highest streambank erosion rates (239 mm/year) and soil losses (304 tonne/km/year) and very high phosphorus losses (108 kg/km/year).