Does ‘hacking’ surface type affect equine forelimb foot placement, movement symmetry or hoof impact deceleration during ridden walk and trot exercise?

• Published in: Equine veterinary journal 2019-01, Vol.51 (1), p.108-114
• Main Authors: Barstow, A., Bailey, J., Campbell, J., Harris, C., Weller, R., Pfau, T.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: accelerometer; accelerometers; Accelerometry - instrumentation; Accelerometry - veterinary; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Asymmetry; Body temperature; Deceleration; exercise; Feet; Firmness; Floors and Floorcoverings - classification; Floors and Floorcoverings - standards; Foot - physiology; Forelimb - physiology; Gait; Gait - physiology; gait analysis; Grasses; Gravel; hacking; Hoof; Hoof and Claw - physiology; hooves; horse; horse diseases; Horses; Horses - physiology; impact; Inertial platforms; Lameness, Animal - etiology; lawns and turf; musculoskeletal diseases; surface; Surface properties; Symmetry; temperature; trotting; Turf; Variation; Vibration; Vibration analysis; Vibration perception; Videotape Recording; Water content
• ISSN: 0425-1644; 2042-3306
• DOI: 10.1111/evj.12952

Summary Background Both pleasure and competition horses regularly exercise on surfaces such as tarmac, gravel and turf during ‘hacking’. Despite this, there is limited evidence relating to the effect of these surfaces upon foot‐surface interaction. Objectives To investigate forelimb foot placement, hoof vibration and movement symmetry in pleasure horses on three commonly encountered hacking surfaces. Study design Quantitative gait study in a convenience sample. Methods Six horses regularly partaking in hacking exercise were ridden in walk and trot on all surfaces. Horses were equipped with one hoof‐mounted, accelerometer and four body‐mounted inertial measurement units (IMUs) to measure foot impact and movement symmetry. High‐speed (400 FPS) video footage of foot‐placement was acquired (dorsal, palmar, lateral views). Foot‐impact and movement symmetry were analysed with a mixed effects model and Bowker symmetry tests for foot‐placement analysis. Results Vibration power and frequency parameters increase as perceived surface firmness increases from grass, to gravel, to tarmac (P≤0.001). Vibration power parameters were consistently greater at trot compared with walk (P≤0.001), but the same was not true for vibration frequency (P≥0.2). Greatest movement asymmetry was recorded during grass surface trotting. No significant difference in foot‐placement was detected between the three surfaces. Main limitations This was a field study using three commonly encountered hacking surfaces. Surface properties change easily with water content and temperature fluctuations so care must be taken when considering other similar surfaces, especially at different times of the year. Six leisure horses were used so the results may not be representative of horses of all types. Conclusions Vibration parameters generally increase as perceived surface firmness increases. Increasing speed alters vibration power but not frequency. Further investigations are required to determine the role that this may play in the development of musculoskeletal disease in horses.