Interannual Variations in PM2.5 due to Wildfires in the Western United States

• Published in: Environmental science & technology 2008-04, Vol.42 (8), p.2812-2818
• Main Authors: Jaffe, Dan, Hafner, William, Chand, Duli, Westerling, Anthony, Spracklen, Dominick
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Air Pollutants - analysis; Applied sciences; Biomass energy; Carbon; Carbon - analysis; Characterization of Natural and Affected Environments; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental science; Exact sciences and technology; Fires; Forest & brush fires; Forest management; Organic chemistry; Ozone - analysis; Particle Size; Particulate Matter - analysis; Pollution; Seasons; United States
• ISSN: 0013-936X; 1520-5851
• DOI: 10.1021/es702755v

In this study we have evaluated the role of wildfires on concentrations of fine particle (d < 2.5 µm) organic carbon (OC) and particulate mass (PM2.5) in the Western United States for the period 1988–2004. To do this, we examined the relationship between mean summer PM2.5 and OC concentrations at 39 IMPROVE sites with a database of fires developed from federal fire reports. The gridded database of area burned was used to generate a database of biomass fuel burned using ecosystem-specific fuel loads. The OC, PM2.5, and fire data were evaluated for five regions: Northern Rocky Mountains (Region 1), Central Rocky Mountains (Region 2), Southwest (Region 3), California (Region 4), and Pacific Northwest (Region 5). In Regions 1, 2, and 5, we found good correlations of seasonal mean PM2.5 concentrations among the sites within each region. This indicates that a common influence was important in determining the PM concentration at all sites across each region. In Regions 1 and 2, we found a significant correlation between PM2.5 and both the area burned and biomass fuel burned in each region. This relationship is statistically significant using either the area burned or fuel burned, but the correlations are stronger using the biomass fuel burned. In all five regions we found a statistically significant relationship between biomass burned and organic carbon. Using these relationships, we can estimate the amount of PM2.5 due to fires in each region during summer. For the Regions 1 through 5, the average summer-long enhancement of PM2.5 due to fires is 1.84, 1.09, 0.61, 0.81, and 1.21 µg/m3, respectively, and approximately twice these values during large fire years.