Fermented goat milk consumption improves cardiovascular health during anemia recovery

• Published in: Journal of the science of food and agriculture 2019-01, Vol.99 (1), p.473-481
• Main Authors: Muñoz Alférez, Mª José, Muñoz‐García, Alberto, Moreno‐Fernández, Jorge, López‐Aliaga, Inmaculada, Díaz‐Castro, Javier
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adiponectin; Anemia; Anemia - diet therapy; Anemia - genetics; Anemia - metabolism; Anemia - physiopathology; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Biomarkers; cardiovascular cytokines; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular system; Cardiovascular System - metabolism; Cardiovascular System - physiopathology; Caveolin; Cell activation; Cell adhesion; Chemokine CXCL1 - genetics; Chemokine CXCL1 - metabolism; Connective tissue growth factor; Connective Tissue Growth Factor - genetics; Connective Tissue Growth Factor - metabolism; Connective tissues; Consumption; Cow's milk; Cultured Milk Products - analysis; Cultured Milk Products - microbiology; Erythropoiesis; Fermentation; Fermented milk products; fermented milks; ferropenic anemia; Goats; Growth factors; Health risks; Hematology; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammatory response; Inhibitors; Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; Interleukin-6 - genetics; Interleukin-6 - metabolism; Interleukins; Iron; Iron deficiency; iron overload; Lactobacillus delbrueckii - metabolism; Macrophages; Male; Metabolism; Metalloproteinase; Milk; Milk - chemistry; Milk - metabolism; Milk - microbiology; Monocyte chemoattractant protein; Monocytes; Organic chemistry; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery; Risk analysis; Risk factors; Rodents; Streptococcus thermophilus - metabolism; t-Plasminogen activator; Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; Tissues; Tumor necrosis factor-α; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - genetics; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - metabolism
• ISSN: 0022-5142; 1097-0010
• DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9210

BACKGROUND Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in several fundamental processes, including erythropoiesis, cellular metabolism, and in cardiovascular disease. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the physiology of and recovery from Fe deficiency by studying how fermented milk consumption affects vascular biomarkers during Fe repletion. RESULTS The deleterious cardiovascular biomarkers cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), interleukin‐6, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator 1 total, metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP‐1), tumor necrosis factor alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), sE‐selectin, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM‐1) decreased after fermented goat milk consumption in groups of fed animals either with normal Fe or Fe overload with respect to rats fed with fermented cow milk. The beneficial cardiovascular biomarkers caveolin‐1 and adiponectin were higher in both control and anemic rats fed fermented goat milk either with normal Fe or Fe overload with respect to fermented cow milk. Anemia decreased TIMP‐1 in rats fed fermented goat milk with Fe overload, whereas there was increased CTGF and MCP‐1 in animals fed fermented cow milk with either normal or Fe overload. In addition, Fe overload increased VEGF. CONCLUSION Fermented goat milk consumption improves hematological status and promotes beneficial metabolic responses, which may attenuate cardiovascular risk factors during anemia recovery and iron overload to lessen the inflammatory response, macrophages activation and atherosclerosis development. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry