Evaluation of lead release potential of new premise plumbing materials

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international 2018-10, Vol.25 (28), p.27971-27981
• Main Authors: Lei, Iat-Leong, Ng, Ding-Quan, Sable, Shailesh S., Lin, Yi-Pin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acid digestion; Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Copper - chemistry; Drinking water; Drinking Water - analysis; Drinking Water - standards; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Edetic acid; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental science; Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids; Faucets; Leaching; Lead; Lead - analysis; Lead poisoning; Plumbing; Research Article; Sanitary Engineering - instrumentation; Sanitary Engineering - standards; Stagnation; Stainless steel; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollution Control; Water supply; Water Supply - standards; Zinc - chemistry
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2816-2

Premise plumbing materials such as pipes, valves, fittings, and faucets are made of various materials, including plastic, stainless steel, copper, and brass/bronze. Although lead pipe has been banned for its use in drinking water supply by most countries in the 1980s, lead is still commonly used as an additive in many plumbing materials for its flexibility and malleability. Certified leaching tests for plumbing materials are usually conducted using relatively mild solutions over short periods which may not reveal the true risk of lead exposure when these materials are used. The objective of this study is to investigate the extents of lead release from commonly used premise plumbing materials into drinking water. The maximum lead leaching potential for pluming material was operationally determined using high strength acidic EDTA solutions (pH 4, EDTA = 100 mg/L) for a stagnation time of 3 days for a total period of up to 1 month. Lead leaching from each plumbing material was also evaluated using reconstituted tap water. Brass- and bronze-based plumbing materials were found to release dangerous levels of lead. Surface lead weight percentage obtained using SEM-EDX and lead weight percentages of the material body obtained using strong acid digestion were found to positively correlate with lead release. A re-examination of the appropriateness of current certified leaching tests and a more stringent regulation on the use of lead as an additive for plumbing materials should be considered.