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Epigenetics of fragile X syndrome and fragile X‐related disorders

The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1)‐related disorder fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common heritable form of cognitive impairment and the second most common cause of comorbid autism. FXS usually results when a premutation trinucleotide CGG repeat in the 5′ untranslated region of the...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Developmental medicine and child neurology 2019-02, Vol.61 (2), p.121-127
Main Authors: Kraan, Claudine M, Godler, David E, Amor, David J
Format: Article
Language:English
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Summary:The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1)‐related disorder fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common heritable form of cognitive impairment and the second most common cause of comorbid autism. FXS usually results when a premutation trinucleotide CGG repeat in the 5′ untranslated region of the FMR1 gene (CGG 55–200) expands over generations to a full mutation allele (CGG >200). This expansion is associated with silencing of the FMR1 promoter via an epigenetic mechanism that involves DNA methylation of the CGG repeat and the surrounding regulatory regions. Decrease in FMR1 transcription is associated with loss of the FMR1 protein that is needed for typical brain development. The past decade has seen major advances in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic processes that underlie FXS. Here we review these advances and their implications for diagnosis and treatment for individuals who have FMR1‐related disorders. What This Paper Adds Improved analysis of DNA methylation allows better epigenetic evaluation of the fragile X gene. New testing techniques have unmasked interindividual variation among children with fragile X syndrome. New testing methods have also detected additional cases of fragile X. Resumen Epigenética del síndrome X frágil y sus trastornos relacionados El síndrome de discapacidad intelectual– gen 1 (FMR1) relacionada al síndrome de X frágil (FXS) es la forma hereditaria más común de deterioro cognitivo y la segunda causa más común de autismo comórbido. El FXS generalmente se produce cuando una repetición CGT de trinucleótido premutación en la región 5 ‘no traducida del gen FMR1 (CGG 55‐200) se expande a lo largo de varias generaciones hasta un alelo de mutación completo (CGG> 200). Esta expansión está asociada con el silenciamiento del promotor de FMR1 a través de un mecanismo epigenético que implica la metilación del ADN de la repetición de CGG y las regiones reguladoras circundantes. La disminución en la transcripción de FMR1 se asocia con la pérdida de la proteína FMR1 que se necesita para el desarrollo cerebral típico. La última década ha visto avances importantes en nuestra comprensión de los procesos genéticos y epigenéticos que subyacen al FXS. Aquí revisamos estos avances y sus implicaciones para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las personas que tienen trastornos relacionados con la FMR1. Resumo Epigenética da síndrome do X frágil e desordens relacionadas ao X frágil A síndrome do X‐frágil (SXF) com deficiência mental
ISSN:0012-1622
1469-8749
DOI:10.1111/dmcn.13985