The Multifaceted Reactivity of Single‐Atom Heterogeneous Catalysts

• Published in: Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2018-11, Vol.57 (47), p.15316-15329
• Main Authors: Mitchell, Sharon, Vorobyeva, Evgeniya, Pérez‐Ramírez, Javier
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Catalysis; Catalysts; Coordination compounds; Design for recycling; heterogeneous catalysis; homogeneous catalysis; Metal complexes; Nanoparticles; single atoms; structure–performance relationships; sustainable chemistry
• ISSN: 1433-7851; 1521-3773
• DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806936

Single‐atom heterogeneous catalysts (SACs) attached to carefully chosen hosts are attracting considerable interest; principally because they offer maximum utilization per metal atom and are usually readily recyclable. However, diminution of the atomic population of nanoparticles or nanoclusters to single atoms can significantly alter reactivity because of the consequent changes in the active‐site structure. By examining various diverse applications, we ascertain whether the performance of SACs is enhanced or suppressed. We also note that SACs generally display unique kinds of catalytic cycles. The choice of host is crucial since it influences both the electronic and steric environment of the metal center. Moreover, it may function as a cocatalyst. All these aspects impact upon the design of new SACs, which exhibit similarities to hetero‐ and homogeneous predecessors. Additionally, SACs offer a viable replacement of soluble metal complexes in processes that remain difficult to heterogenize. Breaking with tradition: The performance of single‐atom heterogeneous catalysts (SACs) is reviewed and discussed in detail. Key factors that influence performance are described and compared to heterogeneous and homogeneous analogues comprising supported nanoparticles/clusters or metal complexes. SACs follow distinct catalytic cycles in many of the examples described.