Na+‑Conductive Na2Ti3O7‑Modified P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 via a Smart in Situ Coating Approach: Suppressing Na+/Vacancy Ordering and P2–O2 Phase Transition

• Published in: ACS applied materials & interfaces 2019-01, Vol.11 (1), p.856-864
• Main Authors: Dang, Rongbin, Chen, Minmin, Li, Qi, Wu, Kang, Lee, Yu Lin, Hu, Zhongbo, Xiao, Xiaoling
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 1944-8244; 1944-8252
• DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17976

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have shown great superiority for grid-scale storage applications because of their low cost and the abundance of sodium. P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 cathode materials have attracted much attention for their high capacities and operating voltages as well as their simple synthesis processes. However, Na+/vacancy ordering and the P2–O2 phase transition are unavoidable during Na+ insertion/extraction, leading to undesired voltage plateaus and deficient battery performances. We show that this defect can be effectually eliminated by coating a moderate Na+ conductor Na2Ti3O7 with a smart in situ coating approach and a concomitant doping of Ti4+ into the bulk structure. Based on the combined analysis of ex situ X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical performance tests, and electrochemical kinetic analyses, Na2Ti3O7 coating and Ti4+ doping effectively refrain Na+/vacancy ordering and P2–O2 phase transition during cycling. Additionally, the Na2Ti3O7 coating layer suppresses particle exfoliation and accelerates Na+ diffusion at the cathode and electrolyte interface. Hence, Na2Ti3O7-coated Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 exhibits excellent cycling stability (almost no capacity decay after 200 cycles at 5 C) and outstanding rate capability (31.1% of the initial capacity at a high rate of 5 C compared to only 10.4% for the pristine electrode). This coating strategy can provide a new guide for the design of prominent cathode materials for SIBs that are suitable for practical applications.