Assessing Attentional Bias and Inhibitory Control in Cannabis Use Disorder Using an Eye-Tracking Paradigm With Personalized Stimuli

• Published in: Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology 2019-12, Vol.27 (6), p.578-587
• Main Authors: Yoon, Jin H., San Miguel, Guadalupe G., Vincent, Jessica N., Suchting, Robert, Haliwa, Ilana, Weaver, Michael F., Schmitz, Joy M., Lane, Scott D.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Attention - physiology; Attentional Bias; Cannabis Use Disorder; Cognitive Control; Eye Movements; Female; Human; Humans; Male; Marijuana; Marijuana Abuse - psychology; Marijuana Smoking - psychology; Measurement; Test Construction; Visual Tracking; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1064-1297; 1936-2293
• DOI: 10.1037/pha0000274

Individuals with cannabis use disorders (CUD) show inhibitory control deficits and differential attention toward marijuana (MJ) stimuli. The robustness and utility of these measures in the CUD literature are somewhat equivocal. The present study was designed to increase measurement sensitivity by capitalizing on (a) individually calibrated stimulus selection based on cue reactivity patterns and (2) eye-tracking based measurement. CUD (n = 42) and non-CUD controls (n = 11) served as subjects. Subjects were first exposed to MJ and neutral pictures while measuring physiological and subjective responses on a trial by trial basis. A single reactivity index was created for each stimulus (L2 vector norm). Subject-unique high-reactivity MJ and low-reactivity neutral stimuli were then used in an eye-tracking task (pro-/antisaccade). The stimulus calibration procedure produced large reactivity differences between high/MJ and low/neutral stimuli (p < .001, effect size >7). CUD subjects made more overall antisaccade errors than controls (inhibitory control, p < .02, effect size >1), and CUD subjects (but not controls) made more errors on MJ trials versus neutral trials (attentional bias, p < .002, effect size >1). Within CUD subjects, L2 vector norm scores were associated with antisaccade errors (p < .04), and antisaccade errors were correlated with the Perceived Stress Scale (p < .03) and marginally with CUD severity (p < .07). Because of precise understanding of the neural circuitry governing antisaccades (a marker in several neuro/psychiatric disorders), eye movement-based measures combined with individually determined stimuli may provide an efficient and robust marker in CUD research. Public Health Significance Measurement approaches that can identify robust markers of dysfunction in substance use disorders, including CUD, may be of use in helping screen interventions and predict relapse risk. The present study describes an approach that combines (a) the selection of test stimuli (unique to each participant) based on individual patterns of stimulus reactivity with (b) eye-tracking based measures of inhibitory control and attentional bias. Robust effects were observed and were marginally associated with outcomes of clinical interest, for example, stress and CUD severity.