Vanadium-Based Materials: Next Generation Electrodes Powering the Battery Revolution?

• Published in: Accounts of chemical research 2020-08, Vol.53 (8), p.1660-1671
• Main Authors: Zhang, Shipeng, Tan, Huiteng, Rui, Xianhong, Yu, Yan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0001-4842; 1520-4898
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00362

Conspectus As the world transitions away from fossil fuels, energy storage, especially rechargeable batteries, could have a big role to play. Though rechargeable batteries have dramatically changed the energy landscape, their performance metrics still need to be further enhanced to keep pace with the changing consumer preferences along with the increasing demands from the market. For the most part, advances in battery technology rely on the continuing development of materials science, where the development of high-performance electrode materials helps to expand the world of battery innovation by pushing the limits of performance of existing batteries. This is where vanadium-based compounds (V-compounds) with intriguing properties can fit in to fill the gap of the current battery technologies. The history of experimenting with V-compounds (i.e., vanadium oxides, vanadates, vanadium-based NASICON) in various battery systems, ranging from monovalent-ion to multivalent-ion batteries, stretches back decades. They are fascinating materials that display rich redox chemistry arising from multiple valency and coordination geometries. Over the years, researchers have made use of the inherent ability of vanadium that undergoes metamorphosis between different coordination polyhedra accompanied by transitions in the oxidation state for reversible intercalation/insertion of more than one guest ions without breaking the structure apart. Such infinitely variable properties endow them with a wide range of electronic and crystallographic structures. The former attribute varies from insulators to metallic conductors while the latter feature gives rise to layered structures or 3D open tunnel frameworks that allow facile movement of a wide range of metal cations and guest species along the gallery. Accompanied by a growing stringent requirements for energy storage applications, most V-compounds face difficulty in resolving the problems of their own lack competitiveness mostly due to their intrinsically low ionic/electronic conductivity. The key to producing vanadium-based electrodes with the desired performance characteristics is the ability to fabricate and optimize them consistently to realize certain specifications through effective engineering strategies for property modulation. In this Account, we aim to provide a comprehensive article that correlates the fundamental of charge storage mechanism to crystallographic forms and design principle for V-compounds. More important