Mechanisms of Long Noncoding RNA Nuclear Retention

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial regulators in diverse cellular contexts and biological processes. The subcellular localization of lncRNAs determines their modes of action. Compared to mRNAs, however, many mRNA-like lncRNAs are preferentially localized to the nucleus where they regulate chr...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Trends in biochemical sciences (Amsterdam. Regular ed.) 2020-11, Vol.45 (11), p.947-960
Main Authors: Guo, Chun-Jie, Xu, Guang, Chen, Ling-Ling
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
cis-motifs
conservation
export
lncRNA
nuclear localization
RNA processing
trans-factors
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Summary:Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial regulators in diverse cellular contexts and biological processes. The subcellular localization of lncRNAs determines their modes of action. Compared to mRNAs, however, many mRNA-like lncRNAs are preferentially localized to the nucleus where they regulate chromatin organization, transcription, and different nuclear condensates. Recent studies have revealed the complex mechanisms that govern lncRNA nuclear retention. We review current understanding of how the transcription and processing of lncRNAs, motifs within lncRNAs, and trans-factors coordinately contribute to their nuclear retention in mammalian cells. Many lncRNAs are transcribed by dysregulated RNA polymerase II and are inefficiently spliced, leading to preferred nuclear localization patterns.Exonic repeats, C-rich motifs, and U1 motifs in lncRNAs promote their specific nuclear localization and function.Trans-factors such as hnRNPs, RNA helicases, and splicing factors facilitate lncRNA nuclear localization by interacting with different cis-acting motifs.The subcellular localization of lncRNA orthologs is regulated during evolution.
ISSN:0968-0004
1362-4326
DOI:10.1016/j.tibs.2020.07.001