An exploratory investigation of the impact of ‘fast’ and ‘feed’ days during intermittent energy restriction on free-living energy balance behaviours and subjective states in women with overweight/obesity

Background/objectives This controlled-feeding randomised controlled trial examined free-living appetite and physical activity (PA) on ‘fast’ and ‘feed’ days during intermittent energy restriction (IER), compared to continuous energy restriction (CER). Subjects/methods Forty-six women with overweight...

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Published in:European journal of clinical nutrition 2021-03, Vol.75 (3), p.430-437
Main Authors: Beaulieu, Kristine, Casanova, Nuno, Oustric, Pauline, Hopkins, Mark, Varady, Krista, Finlayson, Graham, Gibbons, Catherine
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
692/700/2814
692/700/2817
Appetite
Body weight
Body weight loss
Clinical Nutrition
Confidence intervals
Demographic aspects
Energy
Energy balance
Energy intake
Energy requirements
Epidemiology
Evaluation
Fasting
Feeds
Food
Food intake
Health aspects
Hunger
Internal Medicine
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Metabolic Diseases
Methods
Obesity
Overweight
Physical activity
Physiological aspects
Public Health
Weight control
Weight loss
Women
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cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c555t-8df378b3a932084c14de9b4d724029aa4b6df9b894c640ea4936b27598dee0563
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container_title European journal of clinical nutrition
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creator Beaulieu, Kristine
Casanova, Nuno
Oustric, Pauline
Hopkins, Mark
Varady, Krista
Finlayson, Graham
Gibbons, Catherine
description Background/objectives This controlled-feeding randomised controlled trial examined free-living appetite and physical activity (PA) on ‘fast’ and ‘feed’ days during intermittent energy restriction (IER), compared to continuous energy restriction (CER). Subjects/methods Forty-six women with overweight/obesity (age = 35 ± 10 years, BMI = 29.1 ± 2.3 kg/m 2 ) were randomised to IER ( n  = 24; alternate fast days at 25% energy requirements and ad libitum feed days) or CER ( n  = 22; 75% energy requirements daily) to ≥5% weight loss (WL) or up to 12 weeks. Self-reported energy intake (EI; online food record), objectively measured PA (SenseWear Armband) and retrospective daily hunger and food cravings were measured over 7 days at baseline, week 2 and final week. Intent-to-treat analyses were performed using linear mixed models. Results Final WL (M Δ  = 4.7 [95% confidence interval 4.2, 5.2] kg, 5.9%) did not differ between IER and CER (interaction P  = 0.307). During IER, feed-day EI did not differ from baseline and was lower in the final week compared to week 2 (M Δ  = 295 [81, 509] kcal, P  = 0.004). Daily hunger was greater on fast compared to feed days (M Δ  = 15 [10, 21] mm, P  
doi_str_mv 10.1038/s41430-020-00740-1
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Subjects/methods Forty-six women with overweight/obesity (age = 35 ± 10 years, BMI = 29.1 ± 2.3 kg/m 2 ) were randomised to IER ( n  = 24; alternate fast days at 25% energy requirements and ad libitum feed days) or CER ( n  = 22; 75% energy requirements daily) to ≥5% weight loss (WL) or up to 12 weeks. Self-reported energy intake (EI; online food record), objectively measured PA (SenseWear Armband) and retrospective daily hunger and food cravings were measured over 7 days at baseline, week 2 and final week. Intent-to-treat analyses were performed using linear mixed models. Results Final WL (M Δ  = 4.7 [95% confidence interval 4.2, 5.2] kg, 5.9%) did not differ between IER and CER (interaction P  = 0.307). During IER, feed-day EI did not differ from baseline and was lower in the final week compared to week 2 (M Δ  = 295 [81, 509] kcal, P  = 0.004). Daily hunger was greater on fast compared to feed days (M Δ  = 15 [10, 21] mm, P  &lt; 0.001), but food cravings did not differ. Light PA was lower on fast relative to feed days (M Δ  = 18 [2, 34] min/day, P  = 0.024), with no other differences in PA. Compared to CER, IER increased hunger and led to smaller improvements in craving control (both interactions P  ≤ 0.034). Conclusions IER fast days were associated with increased free-living hunger and lower light PA compared to feed days, but had no impact on food cravings or self-reported ad libitum daily EI. IER may be less favourable than CER for the free-living day-to-day control of hunger and food cravings.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0954-3007</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-5640</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00740-1</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32873926</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>692/700/2814 ; 692/700/2817 ; Appetite ; Body weight ; Body weight loss ; Clinical Nutrition ; Confidence intervals ; Demographic aspects ; Energy ; Energy balance ; Energy intake ; Energy requirements ; Epidemiology ; Evaluation ; Fasting ; Feeds ; Food ; Food intake ; Health aspects ; Hunger ; Internal Medicine ; Medicine ; Medicine &amp; Public Health ; Metabolic Diseases ; Methods ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Physical activity ; Physiological aspects ; Public Health ; Weight control ; Weight loss ; Women</subject><ispartof>European journal of clinical nutrition, 2021-03, Vol.75 (3), p.430-437</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2020</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Nature Publishing Group</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c555t-8df378b3a932084c14de9b4d724029aa4b6df9b894c640ea4936b27598dee0563</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c555t-8df378b3a932084c14de9b4d724029aa4b6df9b894c640ea4936b27598dee0563</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8926-6953 ; 0000-0003-2004-4222</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32873926$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Beaulieu, Kristine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casanova, Nuno</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oustric, Pauline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopkins, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Varady, Krista</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Finlayson, Graham</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gibbons, Catherine</creatorcontrib><title>An exploratory investigation of the impact of ‘fast’ and ‘feed’ days during intermittent energy restriction on free-living energy balance behaviours and subjective states in women with overweight/obesity</title><title>European journal of clinical nutrition</title><addtitle>Eur J Clin Nutr</addtitle><addtitle>Eur J Clin Nutr</addtitle><description>Background/objectives This controlled-feeding randomised controlled trial examined free-living appetite and physical activity (PA) on ‘fast’ and ‘feed’ days during intermittent energy restriction (IER), compared to continuous energy restriction (CER). Subjects/methods Forty-six women with overweight/obesity (age = 35 ± 10 years, BMI = 29.1 ± 2.3 kg/m 2 ) were randomised to IER ( n  = 24; alternate fast days at 25% energy requirements and ad libitum feed days) or CER ( n  = 22; 75% energy requirements daily) to ≥5% weight loss (WL) or up to 12 weeks. Self-reported energy intake (EI; online food record), objectively measured PA (SenseWear Armband) and retrospective daily hunger and food cravings were measured over 7 days at baseline, week 2 and final week. Intent-to-treat analyses were performed using linear mixed models. Results Final WL (M Δ  = 4.7 [95% confidence interval 4.2, 5.2] kg, 5.9%) did not differ between IER and CER (interaction P  = 0.307). During IER, feed-day EI did not differ from baseline and was lower in the final week compared to week 2 (M Δ  = 295 [81, 509] kcal, P  = 0.004). Daily hunger was greater on fast compared to feed days (M Δ  = 15 [10, 21] mm, P  &lt; 0.001), but food cravings did not differ. Light PA was lower on fast relative to feed days (M Δ  = 18 [2, 34] min/day, P  = 0.024), with no other differences in PA. Compared to CER, IER increased hunger and led to smaller improvements in craving control (both interactions P  ≤ 0.034). Conclusions IER fast days were associated with increased free-living hunger and lower light PA compared to feed days, but had no impact on food cravings or self-reported ad libitum daily EI. 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Subjects/methods Forty-six women with overweight/obesity (age = 35 ± 10 years, BMI = 29.1 ± 2.3 kg/m 2 ) were randomised to IER ( n  = 24; alternate fast days at 25% energy requirements and ad libitum feed days) or CER ( n  = 22; 75% energy requirements daily) to ≥5% weight loss (WL) or up to 12 weeks. Self-reported energy intake (EI; online food record), objectively measured PA (SenseWear Armband) and retrospective daily hunger and food cravings were measured over 7 days at baseline, week 2 and final week. Intent-to-treat analyses were performed using linear mixed models. Results Final WL (M Δ  = 4.7 [95% confidence interval 4.2, 5.2] kg, 5.9%) did not differ between IER and CER (interaction P  = 0.307). During IER, feed-day EI did not differ from baseline and was lower in the final week compared to week 2 (M Δ  = 295 [81, 509] kcal, P  = 0.004). Daily hunger was greater on fast compared to feed days (M Δ  = 15 [10, 21] mm, P  &lt; 0.001), but food cravings did not differ. Light PA was lower on fast relative to feed days (M Δ  = 18 [2, 34] min/day, P  = 0.024), with no other differences in PA. Compared to CER, IER increased hunger and led to smaller improvements in craving control (both interactions P  ≤ 0.034). Conclusions IER fast days were associated with increased free-living hunger and lower light PA compared to feed days, but had no impact on food cravings or self-reported ad libitum daily EI. IER may be less favourable than CER for the free-living day-to-day control of hunger and food cravings.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>32873926</pmid><doi>10.1038/s41430-020-00740-1</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8926-6953</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2004-4222</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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ispartof European journal of clinical nutrition, 2021-03, Vol.75 (3), p.430-437
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source Nexis UK; Springer Nature
subjects 692/700/2814
692/700/2817
Appetite
Body weight
Body weight loss
Clinical Nutrition
Confidence intervals
Demographic aspects
Energy
Energy balance
Energy intake
Energy requirements
Epidemiology
Evaluation
Fasting
Feeds
Food
Food intake
Health aspects
Hunger
Internal Medicine
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Metabolic Diseases
Methods
Obesity
Overweight
Physical activity
Physiological aspects
Public Health
Weight control
Weight loss
Women
title An exploratory investigation of the impact of ‘fast’ and ‘feed’ days during intermittent energy restriction on free-living energy balance behaviours and subjective states in women with overweight/obesity
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