Cachexia, muscle wasting, and frailty in cardiovascular disease

The last several years have seen increasing interest in understanding cachexia, muscle wasting, and physical frailty across the broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular illnesses. This interest originally started in the field of heart failure, but has recently been extended to other areas such...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:European journal of heart failure 2020-12, Vol.22 (12), p.2314-2326
Main Authors: Bielecka‐Dabrowa, Agata, Ebner, Nicole, Santos, Marcelo Rodrigues, Ishida, Junishi, Hasenfuss, Gerd, Haehling, Stephan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aged
Cachexia
Cachexia - epidemiology
Cachexia - physiopathology
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology
Cardiovascular Diseases - physiopathology
Comorbidity
Frailty
Frailty - epidemiology
Frailty - physiopathology
Heart failure
Humans
Inflammation - epidemiology
Inflammation - physiopathology
Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia - epidemiology
Sarcopenia - physiopathology
Wasting
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Summary:The last several years have seen increasing interest in understanding cachexia, muscle wasting, and physical frailty across the broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular illnesses. This interest originally started in the field of heart failure, but has recently been extended to other areas such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease as well as to patients after cardiac surgery or transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Tissue wasting and frailty are prevalent among many of the affected patients. The ageing process itself and concomitant cardiovascular illness decrease lean mass while fat mass is relatively preserved, making elderly patients particularly prone to develop wasting syndromes and frailty. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the available knowledge of body wasting and physical frailty in patients with cardiovascular illness, particularly focussing on patients with heart failure in whom most of the available data have been gathered. In addition, mechanisms of wasting and possible therapeutic targets are discussed. Effects of cachexia, muscle wasting (sarcopenia), and frailty on morbidity and mortality (arrows pointing towards the center) and effects of these syndromes on the prevalence of the respective cardiovascular illness (arrows pointing opposite direction).
ISSN:1388-9842
1879-0844
DOI:10.1002/ejhf.2011