Chagas disease in urban and peri‑urban environment in the Amazon: Sentinel hosts, vectors, and the environment

• Published in: Acta tropica 2021-05, Vol.217, p.105858-105858, Article 105858
• Main Authors: de Sousa Pereira, Helyanne, Scofield, Alessandra, Júnior, Pedro Soares Bezerra, Lira dos Santos, Daniele, de Sousa Siqueira, Julyanne, Chaves, Jaeze Farias, de Jesus Cardoso, Rosekelly, dos Anjos Lima, Adrielli Heloise, Sarmento, Natalia Maxine Ferreira Pinheiro, Júnior, Francisco Dantas, de Nazaré Barros, Flavia, de Farias, Diana Maria, de Paula Souza e Guimarães, Ricardo José, Mendes-Oliveira, Ana Cristina, Riet-Correa, Gabriela, Cerqueira, Valiria Duarte
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Cat Diseases - parasitology; Cats; Cats - parasitology; Chagas Disease - transmission; Chagas Disease - veterinary; Didelphis - parasitology; DNA, Protozoan; Dog Diseases - diagnosis; Dog Diseases - parasitology; Dog Diseases - pathology; Dogs; Dogs - parasitology; Insect Vectors - parasitology; Mammals - parasitology; Marsupialia - parasitology; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rhodnius - parasitology; Rhodnius pictipes; Risk Factors; Rodentia - parasitology; Triatomines; Trypanosoma cruzi; Trypanosoma cruzi - genetics
• ISSN: 0001-706X; 1873-6254
• DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105858

•Sudden death in a puppy with amastigote nests in the myocardium with DNA detection.•Epidemiologic investigation in 4 areas deforested for housing construction.•T. cruzi DNA was detected in 42 of 108 dogs tested and in 3 cats of 4 tested.•T. cruzi DNA was detected in all triatomines tested and in 3 of 9 marsupials tested.•T. cruzi DNA detected after 1 year in a dog from the same house of the first case. Chagas disease is an anthropozoonosis, caused by a flagellated protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi, in which the enzootic cycle occurs between mammals and triatomines. Two dogs with a history of sudden death were necropsied at the Federal University of Pará (UFPA). One dog had a pale area in the myocardium, which on histopathological examination showed a T. cruzi amastigote nest; immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis characterized it as acute Chagas disease (ACD). The second dog showed no macroscopic changes. Microscopically, a few cardiomyocytes were replaced by adipocytes, and IHC result was negative for T. cruzi. However, results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cardiac tissue of both dogs was positive for T. cruzi DNA. After that, an epidemiological study was conducted in the region. For this study, we selected four areas in Castanhal. One of the four areas (Area 1) is where one of the dogs lived. The other three areas were chosen because they were recently deforested for housing. Blood samples were collected from dogs, cats, wild small mammals (marsupials and rodents), and the digestive tract of triatomines. Nested PCR was performed on all the blood samples and the triatomine digestive tracts. In Area 1, T. cruzi DNA was detected in 50% (12/24) of the tested dogs, in the only tested cat (1/1), 50% (1/2) of the tested marsupials (Didelphis marsupials), and 100% of the captured triatomines (Rhodnius pictipes) (2/2). In Area 2, T. cruzi DNA was not detected in any of the 11 (0/11) dogs and two marsupials tested (0/2), and no triatomines were found in this area. In Area 3, T. cruzi DNA was detected in 42.25% (30/71) of the dogs, in 66,6% (2/3) of the cats, the only captured marsupial (D. marsupialis) (1/1), and all three triatomines (3/3) (R. pictipes) tested. In Area 4, the two dogs tested were negative (0/2), 25% (1/4) of the captured marsupials (D. marsupialis) was positive, and no triatomine was captured in this area. The data demonstrate the importance of detecting T. cruzi in dogs, cats, small rodents, and marsupials in the Amazon metropolitan areas,