Assessing the validity, reliability and efficacy of the Cross-Cultural Stress Scale (CCSS) for psychosomatic studies

• Published in: Journal of affective disorders 2021-03, Vol.282, p.1110-1119
• Main Authors: Jean-Baptiste, Cindy Ogolla, Patti Herring, R., Lawrence Beeson, W., Banta, Jim E., Dos Santos, Hildemar
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cross-Cultural Comparison; Demographic specific; Humans; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Scale validation; Stress rating; Stress-health correlation; Stressful life events; Surveys and Questionnaires
• ISSN: 0165-0327; 1573-2517
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.118

•Etiological models show correlations between self-reported/diagnosed health and stress levels.•Stressful life events (SLEs) have been studied to influence both physical and mental health outcomes.•SLEs are hypothesized precursors of health and quality of life.•Our ability to cope with life events based on a variety of determinants such as gender, age, race, income etc. determines how we experience or rate stress and vice versa.•Significant differences exist in how diverse individuals rank perceived or experienced stress. The impact of stressful life events (SLEs) on health has been empirically studied with significant correlations documented. We developed a comprehensive stress rating toolkit, the Cross-Cultural Stress Scale (CCSS) from a triangulated qualitative research study. This article describes our pilot test of the scale to explore demographic-specific patterns of SLE scores and evaluate the scale's aptitude in assessing the stress-health correlation. The face and content-validated CCSS was shared via a web-based survey to diverse individuals grouped by: (a) gender, (b) age, (c) race and ethnicity, (d) native, foreign-born or first-generation, (e) educational attainment, and (f) income. Participants from the Amazon crowdsourcing marketplace MTurk (N = 216) first indicated perceived stress intensities assuming experiences of all the SLEs in the CCSS. They then selected SLEs they had personally experienced in the last 12 months (N = 176). Multivariable analyses were conducted on perceived intensities. Correlations of experienced SLEs with self-reported health based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) indicators measured by the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS) were analyzed. We validated the CCSS and obtained a high internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha >0.9). We found significant differences in stress rating by and within demographics. We also correlated stress to perceived health using the HRQOL and presence of a chronic disease ascertaining the stress-health hypothesis. Sampling limitations observed include data drawn from a convenience sample. Despite sampling limitations, our research highlights demographic-specific stressors and offers an updated methodology in the stress-health correlation.