Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19

The Covid-19 pandemic has induced worldwide natural experiments on the effects of crowds. We exploit one of these experiments that took place over several countries in almost identical settings: professional football matches played behind closed doors within the 2019/20 league seasons. We find large...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Economics letters 2021-01, Vol.198, p.109664, Article 109664
Main Authors: Bryson, Alex, Dolton, Peter, Reade, J. James, Schreyer, Dominik, Singleton, Carl
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Attendance
Coronavirus
Coronavirus infections
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
Crowds
doors
economics
Effects
Experiments
Football
Home advantage
Natural Experiments
Neutrality
pandemic
Pandemics
Pressure
Professional football
Referee Bias
seasons
Soccer
Social Pressure
Sports fans
Sports officiating
Teams
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