Diet quality trajectories and cardiovascular phenotypes/metabolic syndrome risk by 11–12 years

• Published in: International Journal of Obesity 2021-07, Vol.45 (7), p.1392-1403
• Main Authors: Kerr, Jessica A., Liu, Richard S., Gasser, Constantine E., Mensah, Fiona K., Burgner, David, Lycett, Kate, Gillespie, Alanna N., Juonala, Markus, Clifford, Susan A., Olds, Tim, Saffery, Richard, Gold, Lisa, Liu, Mengjiao, Azzopardi, Peter, Edwards, Ben, Dwyer, Terence, Wake, Melissa
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 692/499; 692/700/1720; Australia - epidemiology; Blood pressure; Blood Pressure - physiology; Body mass index; Body size; Cardiometabolic Risk Factors; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology; Child; Child, Preschool; Children; Cholesterol; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Diet - statistics & numerical data; Elasticity; Epidemiology; Female; Food habits; Health aspects; Health Promotion and Disease Prevention; Heart rate; High density lipoprotein; Humans; Infant; Internal Medicine; Lipoproteins; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolic Diseases; Metabolic disorders; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolic Syndrome - epidemiology; Microvasculature; Pediatric research; Phenotypes; Pressure effects; Public Health; Regression analysis; Regression models; Risk; Risk factors; Thickness; Triglycerides; Velocity; Wave velocity
• ISSN: 0307-0565; 1476-5497
• DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00800-x

Objective To investigate associations between early-life diet trajectories and preclinical cardiovascular phenotypes and metabolic risk by age 12 years. Methods Participants were 1861 children (51% male) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. At five biennial waves from 2–3 to 10–11 years: Every 2 years from 2006 to 2014, diet quality scores were collected from brief 24-h parent/self-reported dietary recalls and then classified using group-based trajectory modeling as ‘never healthy’ (7%), ‘becoming less healthy’ (17%), ‘moderately healthy’ (21%), and ‘always healthy’ (56%). At 11–12 years: During children’s physical health Child Health CheckPoint (2015–2016), we measured cardiovascular functional (resting heart rate, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, carotid elasticity/distensibility) and structural (carotid intima-media thickness, retinal microvasculature) phenotypes, and metabolic risk score (composite of body mass index z -score, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose). Associations were estimated using linear regression models ( n  = 1100–1800) adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic position. Results Compared to ‘always healthy’, the ‘never healthy’ trajectory had higher resting heart rate (2.6 bpm, 95% CI 0.4, 4.7) and metabolic risk score (0.23, 95% CI 0.01, 0.45), and lower arterial elasticity (−0.3% per 10 mmHg, 95% CI −0.6, −0.1) and distensibility (−1.2%, 95% CI −1.9, −0.5) (all effect sizes 0.3–0.4). Heart rate, distensibility, and diastolic blood pressure were progressively poorer for less healthy diet trajectories (linear trends p  ≤ 0.02). Effects for systolic blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and structural phenotypes were less evident. Conclusions Children following the least healthy diet trajectory had poorer functional cardiovascular phenotypes and metabolic syndrome risk, including higher resting heart rate, one of the strongest precursors of all-cause mortality. Structural phenotypes were not associated with diet trajectories, suggesting the window to prevent permanent changes remains open to at least late childhood.