Hippocampal single‐voxel MR spectroscopy with a long echo time at 3 T using semi‐LASER sequence

• Published in: NMR in biomedicine 2021-08, Vol.34 (8), p.e4538-n/a
• Main Authors: Gajdošík, Martin, Landheer, Karl, Swanberg, Kelley M., Adlparvar, Fatemeh, Madelin, Guillaume, Bogner, Wolfgang, Juchem, Christoph, Kirov, Ivan I.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adiabatic; Adiabatic flow; Adult; Algorithms; Biological products; brain; Choline; Coefficient of variation; Computer Simulation; Creatine; Female; glutamate; Glutamine; Glx; Hippocampus; Hippocampus - diagnostic imaging; Humans; Inositol; Localization; long TE; Macromolecules; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Metabolites; Metabolome; MRS; Spectroscopy; Spectrum analysis; Standard deviation; Time Factors
• ISSN: 0952-3480; 1099-1492
• DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4538

The hippocampus is one of the most challenging brain regions for proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) applications. Moreover, quantification of J‐coupled species such as myo‐inositol (m‐Ins) and glutamate + glutamine (Glx) is affected by the presence of macromolecular background. While long echo time (TE) MRS eliminates the macromolecules, it also decreases the m‐Ins and Glx signal and, as a result, these metabolites are studied mainly with short TE. Here, we investigate the feasibility of reproducibly measuring their concentrations at a long TE of 120 ms, using a semi‐adiabatic localization by adiabatic selective refocusing (sLASER) sequence, as this sequence was recently recommended as a standard for clinical MRS. Gradient offset‐independent adiabatic refocusing pulses were implemented, and an optimal long TE for the detection of m‐Ins and Glx was determined using the T2 relaxation times of macromolecules. Metabolite concentrations and their coefficients of variation (CVs) were obtained for a 3.4‐mL voxel centered on the left hippocampus on 3‐T MR systems at two different sites with three healthy subjects (aged 32.5 ± 10.2 years [mean ± standard deviation]) per site, with each subject scanned over two sessions, and with each session comprising three scans. Concentrations of m‐Ins, choline, creatine, Glx and N‐acetyl‐aspartate were 5.4 ± 1.5, 1.7 ± 0.2, 5.8 ± 0.3, 11.6 ± 1.2 and 5.9 ± 0.4 mM (mean ± standard deviation), respectively. Their respective mean within‐session CVs were 14.5% ± 5.9%, 6.5% ± 5.3%, 6.0% ± 3.4%, 10.6% ± 6.2% and 3.5% ± 1.4%, and their mean within‐subject CVs were 17.8% ± 18.2%, 7.5% ± 6.3%, 7.4% ± 6.4%, 12.4% ± 5.3% and 4.8% ± 3.0%. The between‐subject CVs were 25.0%, 12.3%, 5.3%, 10.7% and 6.4%, respectively. Hippocampal long‐TE sLASER single voxel spectroscopy can provide macromolecule‐independent assessment of all major metabolites including Glx and m‐Ins. Use of long TE for in vivo proton MR spectroscopy minimizes the contribution of macromolecules and baseline artifacts while enabling the detection of specific J‐coupled spin systems. Hippocampal spectroscopy with a TE of 120 ms enabled reproducible and macromolecule‐independent assessment of N‐acetyl‐aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho) compounds, creatine (Cr), glutamate + glutamine (Glx) and myo‐inositol (m‐Ins) concentrations at 3 T.