Effect of Helicobacter pylori and Helminth Coinfection on the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite decades of efforts to eradicate the disease. Although the immune response controls the infection in most infected individuals (90%), the ability of the bacterium to persist throughout the host’s life leads to a...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Current microbiology 2021-09, Vol.78 (9), p.3351-3371
Main Authors: Bustamante-Rengifo, Javier Andrés, Astudillo-Hernández, Miryam, del Pilar Crespo-Ortiz, María
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biotechnology
Developing countries
Disease
Helicobacter pylori
HIV
Host-pathogen interactions
Human immunodeficiency virus
Immune response
Immune system
Immunosuppression
Immunosuppressive agents
Infections
Infectious diseases
Inflammatory diseases
LDCs
Life Sciences
Microbiology
Microbiota
Morbidity
Mucosa
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pathogens
Review Article
Risk analysis
Risk factors
Transplantation
Tuberculosis
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Summary:Tuberculosis remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite decades of efforts to eradicate the disease. Although the immune response controls the infection in most infected individuals (90%), the ability of the bacterium to persist throughout the host’s life leads to a risk of reactivation. Underlying conditions including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, organ transplantation, and immunosuppressive therapies are considered risk factors for progression to active disease. However, many individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis may develop clinical disease in the absence of underlying immunosuppression. It is also possible that unknown conditions may drive the progression to disease. The human microbiota can be an important modulator of the immune system; it can not only trigger inflammatory disorders, but also drive the response to other infectious diseases. In developing countries, chronic mucosal infections with Helicobacter pylori and helminths may be particularly important, as these infections frequently coexist throughout the host’s life. However, little is known about the interactions of these pathogens with the immune system and their effects on M. tuberculosis clinical disease, if any. In this review, we discuss the potential effects of H. pylori and helminth co-infections on the immune response to M. tuberculosis. This may contribute to our understanding of host–pathogen interactions and in designing new strategies for the prevention and control of tuberculosis.
ISSN:0343-8651
1432-0991
DOI:10.1007/s00284-021-02604-8