Prevalence of Triad–RED–S symptoms in high-level Kenyan male and female distance runners and corresponding control groups

Purpose This study examined and compared select Triad–RED–S components/risk factors in high-level Kenyan male and female distance runners to corresponding control groups; focusing on examining energy intake (EI), bone indices, and hormonal markers. Methods A cross-sectional, observational design was...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:European journal of applied physiology 2022, Vol.122 (1), p.199-208
Main Authors: Õnnik, Lauri, Mooses, Martin, Suvi, Silva, Haile, Diresibashew W., Ojiambo, Robert, Lane, Amy R., Hackney, A. C.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Absorptiometry, Photon
Amenorrhea
Athletes
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Blood Cell Count
Bone Density
Bone mineral density
Cross-Sectional Studies
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
Energy
Energy Intake
Energy Metabolism - physiology
Ethnicity
Exercise
Female
Females
Femur
Hormones - blood
Human Physiology
Humans
Kenya - epidemiology
Male
Metabolism
Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine
Olympic games
Original Article
Oxygen Consumption
Physical fitness
Physiology
Prevalence
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport - epidemiology
Risk Factors
Running
Spine (lumbar)
Sports Medicine
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Summary:Purpose This study examined and compared select Triad–RED–S components/risk factors in high-level Kenyan male and female distance runners to corresponding control groups; focusing on examining energy intake (EI), bone indices, and hormonal markers. Methods A cross-sectional, observational design was used in which Kenyan male and female ( n  = 30 and n  = 26, respectively) middle- and long-distance runners and corresponding male and female control groups ( n  = 29 and n  = 29, respectively) were examined. The participant’s bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, right femur, and total body were measured using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry analysis. Complete blood counts (CBC) were done on the whole blood specimens and hormonal measurements were performed on plasma specimens. In addition, athletes completed metabolic testing to determine maximal oxygen uptakes and 7-day dietary diaries. Results Overall daily EI across runners and controls within each sex were low, but not significantly different ( p  > 0.05). Prevalence of low BMD values (Z score  0.05). CBC measures suggested that both runners and controls were healthy. Finally, slight hormonal differences between runners and their respective controls existed ( p  
ISSN:1439-6319
1439-6327
DOI:10.1007/s00421-021-04827-w