Non-specific effects of veterinary vaccines: a systematic review

•Current evidence for NSE of vaccines are mainly from studies in humans.•NSE of vaccines have been reported in animal studies since the 1950s.•This review paper highlights the potential evidence for NSE of veterinary vaccines.•Various types of vaccines and subjects should be included in studies asse...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Vaccine 2022-03, Vol.40 (11), p.1655-1664
Main Authors: Arega, Sintayehu M., Knobel, Darryn L., Toka, Felix N., Conan, Anne
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animal
Animals
Antigens
Epidemiology
Heterologous effect
Immunology
Infectious diseases
Laboratory animals
Measles
Mortality
Non-specific effect
Pathogens
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
Review
Reviews
Skin diseases
Systematic review
Taxonomy
Translations
Vaccine
Vaccines
Vaccines, Attenuated
Veterinary
Veterinary medicine
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Summary:•Current evidence for NSE of vaccines are mainly from studies in humans.•NSE of vaccines have been reported in animal studies since the 1950s.•This review paper highlights the potential evidence for NSE of veterinary vaccines.•Various types of vaccines and subjects should be included in studies assessing NSE.•Several animal vaccines could be exploited for their added beneficial NSE. The benefits of vaccines have been centred on their specific effects on subsequent infections by target pathogens. Recent studies, however, have opened up new insights into additional effects of vaccines known as non-specific effects (NSEs) or heterologous effects of vaccines. While several articles have reviewed epidemiological and immunological evidence for NSEs of vaccines in humans, similar works on veterinary vaccines are scarce. The objective of this paper was to review the findings of published studies on NSEs of vaccines developed or repurposed for use in animals. In total 8412 titles were retrieved from PubMed and CABI databases on the 30th of April 2021. After the final stage of screening, 45 eligible articles were included in the review. Data from these articles were summarised and presented here. In general, most of the vaccines studied in the reviewed articles have beneficial NSEs against multiple pathogens and disease conditions. There were, however, fewe studies reporting detrimental NSEs from both non-live and live vaccines which is in contrast to the currently existing evidence of beneficial NSEs of live vaccines and detrimental NSEs of non-live vaccines. This review may be used as a complement for future review of RCT studies of NSEs of vaccines in animals and provide a useful addition to the evolving understanding of the NSEs of vaccines.
ISSN:0264-410X
1873-2518
DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.034