Giardia duodenalis cysteine proteases cleave proteinase-activated receptor-2 to regulate intestinal goblet cell mucin gene expression

• Published in: International journal for parasitology 2022-04, Vol.52 (5), p.285-292
• Main Authors: Fekete, Elena, Allain, Thibault, Amat, Christina B., Mihara, Koichiro, Saifeddine, Mahmoud, Hollenberg, Morley D., Chadee, Kris, Buret, Andre G.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cysteine Proteases - genetics; Cysteine Proteases - metabolism; Gene Expression; Giardia; Giardia lamblia - enzymology; Giardia lamblia - genetics; Goblet cell; Goblet Cells - metabolism; Humans; Mucins - metabolism; Mucus; PAR2; Protease; Protease-activated receptor; Receptor, PAR-2 - genetics; Receptor, PAR-2 - metabolism
• ISSN: 0020-7519; 1879-0135
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.11.011

[Display omitted] •Giardia duodenalis cysteine proteases cleave PAR1 and PAR2 at the N-terminus with isolate-dependent efficiency.•Canonical PAR2 signaling regulates MUC2 mucin gene expression in intestinal goblet cells.•Relative levels of cysteine protease activity between Giardia isolates correlates with PAR cleavage rate.•Isolate-dependent effects on mucin gene expression correlate with Giardia cysteine protease activity and PAR cleavage rate. Giardia duodenalis cysteine proteases have been identified as key virulence factors and have been implicated in alterations to intestinal goblet cell activity and mucus production during Giardia infection. The present findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which Giardia cysteine proteases modulate goblet cell activity via cleavage and activation of protease-activated receptor 2. Giardia duodenalis (assemblage A) increased MUC2 mucin gene expression in human colonic epithelial cells in a manner dependent upon both protease-activated receptor 2 activation and Giardia cysteine protease activity. Protease-activated receptor 2 cleavage within the N-terminal activation domain by Giardia proteases was confirmed using a nano-luciferase tagged recombinant protease-activated receptor 2. In keeping with these observations, the synthetic protease-activated receptor 2-activating peptide 2fLIGRLO-amide increased Muc2 gene expression in a time-dependent manner. Calcium chelation and inhibition of the ERK1/2 mitogen activated protein kinase pathway inhibited Muc2 upregulation during Giardia infection, consistent with canonical protease-activated receptor 2 signaling pathways. Giardia cysteine proteases cleaved both recombinant protease-activated receptor 1 and protease-activated receptor 2 within their extracellular activation domains with isolate-dependent efficiency that correlated with the production of cysteine protease activity. Protease-activated receptors represent a novel target for Giardia cysteine proteases, and these findings demonstrate that protease-activated receptor 2 can regulate mucin gene expression in intestinal goblet cells.