Reduced baroreflex sensitivity and increased splenic activity in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea

• Published in: Atherosclerosis 2022-03, Vol.344, p.7-12
• Main Authors: Kaiser, Yannick, Dzobo, Kim E., Ravesloot, Madeline J.L., Nurmohamed, Nick S., Collard, Didier, Hoogeveen, Renate M., Verberne, Hein J., Dijkstra, Nynke, de Vries, Nico, Bresser, Paul, Kroon, Jeffrey, Stroes, Erik S.G., Reesink, Herre J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 18F-FDG PET/CT; Arterial inflammation; Hematopoietic activity; Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; Sympathetic activity
• ISSN: 0021-9150; 1879-1484
• DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.01.004

Severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Experimental evidence suggests that this risk may be mediated by chronic sympathetic hyperactivation and systemic inflammation, but the precise mechanisms remain to be unraveled. Our aim was to evaluate whether severe OSA patients are characterized by increased sympathetic and hematopoietic activity, potentially driving atherosclerosis. Untreated patients with severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > 30 per hour) were matched with mild OSA patients (AHI5 per hour) according to age, sex, and body mass index. Study objectives were to assess baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and heart-rate variability (HRV) using continuous finger blood pressure measurements, hematopoietic activity in the bone marrow and spleen, and arterial inflammation with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT). A total of 34 subjects, 17 per group, were included in the analysis. Mean age was 60.7 ± 6.2 years, 24 (70.6%) were male. Mean AHI was 40.5 ± 12.6 per hour in the severe OSA group, and 10.5 ± 3.4 per hour in the mild OSA group. Participants with severe OSA were characterized by reduced BRS (5.7 [4.6–7.8] ms/mmHg in severe vs 8.2 [6.9–11.8] ms/mmHg in mild OSA, p = 0.033) and increased splenic activity (severe OSA 18F-FDG uptake 3.56 ± 0.77 vs mild OSA 3.01 ± 0.68; p = 0.036). HRV, bone marrow activity and arterial inflammation were comparable between groups. Patients with severe OSA are characterized by decreased BRS and increased splenic activity. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to assess whether OSA treatment reduces sympathetic and splenic activity. [Display omitted] •Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.•This study evaluated sympathetic nervous signaling, hematopoietic activity, and arterial inflammation in patients with OSA.•Severe OSA patients had reduced baroreflex sensitivity and increased splenic activity.•OSA patients had increased arterial wall inflammation compared with healthy control subjects.•Future trials should assess if OSA treatment attenuates baroreflex sensitivity, splenic activity, and arterial inflammation.