Risks and renal outcomes of severe acute kidney injury in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

• Published in: Clinical and experimental nephrology 2022-07, Vol.26 (7), p.700-708
• Main Authors: Ishiwa, Sho, Sato, Mai, Kamei, Koichi, Nishi, Kentaro, Kanamori, Toru, Okutsu, Mika, Ogura, Masao, Sako, Mayumi, Ito, Shuichi, Orihashi, Yasushi, Ishikura, Kenji
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acute Kidney Injury - diagnosis; Acute Kidney Injury - therapy; Child; Child, Preschool; Children; Chronic infection; Cyclosporins; Dialysis; Encephalopathy; Hemodialysis; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents - adverse effects; Kidney diseases; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Nephrology; Nephrotic syndrome; Nephrotic Syndrome - complications; Nephrotic Syndrome - diagnosis; Nephrotic Syndrome - drug therapy; Original Article; Remission; Renal Dialysis; Retrospective Studies; Steroids; Steroids - adverse effects; Urology
• ISSN: 1342-1751; 1437-7799; 1437-7799
• DOI: 10.1007/s10157-022-02198-w

Background Risks and renal outcomes of severe acute kidney injury (AKI) in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), particularly those who require dialysis, have not been fully explored. Methods This retrospective cohort study enrolled children who had been diagnosed with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome at the National Center for Child Health and Development between March 2002 and December 2018. Children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome or SRNS-related gene mutations were excluded. Results Sixty-two children with SRNS (37 boys; median age, 3.6 years [interquartile range (IQR) 2.0–10.3]) were enrolled. Sixteen patients (25.8%) had severe AKI, including nine patients (14.5%) who received dialysis. The period from nephrotic syndrome (NS) onset to partial remission (median [IQR]) was not significantly influenced by dialysis status, but tended to be longer in the dialysis group (125 days [74–225] vs. 40 days [28–113]; p  = 0.09); notably, no patient developed chronic kidney disease during the follow-up period. Infection and posterior reversible encephalopathy (PRES) were significantly associated with AKI. Patients with AKI tended to require dialysis in the presence of infection, undergo treatment with cyclosporine A, and have PRES. The period from onset of NS to AKI was significantly longer in the dialysis group (26 days [15.5–46.0] vs. 4 days [0.0–14.0]; p  = 0.01). Conclusion Dialysis was commonly required among children with SRNS who exhibited severe AKI. The period from onset of NS to partial remission tended to be longer in patients receiving dialysis, whereas renal prognosis was satisfactory during subsequent follow-up.