The influence of equine hoof conformation on the initiation and progression of laminitis

• Published in: Equine veterinary journal 2023-09, Vol.55 (5), p.862-871
• Main Authors: Akbari Shahkhosravi, Naeim, Kakavand, Reza, Davies, Helen M. S., Komeili, Amin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Centre of pressure; Extremities; finite element method; Foot Diseases - pathology; Foot Diseases - veterinary; Hoof and Claw - pathology; horse; Horse Diseases - pathology; horse hoof conformation; Horses; hyperelastic model; laminitis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
• ISSN: 0425-1644; 2042-3306
• DOI: 10.1111/evj.13887

Background The health and performance of horses are significantly affected by diseases associated with the hoof. Laminitis is a critical hoof disease that causes pain and, potentially, severe hoof and bone pathology. Objective To generate an equine hoof finite element (FE) model to investigate the impact of normal and toe‐in hoof conformations on the degeneration (decrease in elastic modulus) of the laminar junction (LJ), as occurs in chronic laminitis. Study design Computer software modelling. Methods A hoof FE model was generated to investigate the biomechanics of hoof laminitis. A 3D model, consisting of nine components, was constructed from computed tomography scans of an equine left forelimb hoof. The model was loaded with 100 cycles of trotting. Two different centres of pressure (COP) paths representing normal and toe‐in conformations were assigned to the model. LJ injury was modelled by degenerating the tissue's elastic modulus in the presence of excessive maximum principal stresses. Results FE models successfully showed findings similar to clinical observations, confirming third phalanx (P3) dorsal rotation, a symmetric distal displacement of the P3 (2 mm at the lateral and medial sides) in the normal model, and an asymmetric distal displacement of the P3 (4 mm at the lateral and 1.5 mm at the medial side) in the toe‐in model. The proximal distance between P3 and the ground after LJ degeneration in the current model was significantly different from experimental measurements from healthy hooves (P