Hepatitis E virus (HEV) open reading frame 2: Role in pathogenesis and diagnosis in HEV infections

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection occurs worldwide. The HEV genome includes three to four open reading frames (ORF1‐4). ORF1 proteins are essential for viral replication, while the ORF3 protein is an ion channel involved in the exit of HEV from the infected cells. ORF2 proteins form the viral capsid...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Reviews in medical virology 2022-11, Vol.32 (6), p.e2401-n/a
Main Authors: Sayed, Ibrahim M., Karam‐Allah Ramadan, Haidi, Hafez, Mahmoud H. R., Elkhawaga, Amal A., El‐Mokhtar, Mohamed A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Antigens
Diagnosis
Epitopes
forms
Genomes
Hepatitis
HEV ORF2
Immune response
Immunogenicity
Interferon
kinetics
Open reading frames
Pathogenesis
Proteins
therapy
Vaccine development
Vaccines
Viruses
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Summary:Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection occurs worldwide. The HEV genome includes three to four open reading frames (ORF1‐4). ORF1 proteins are essential for viral replication, while the ORF3 protein is an ion channel involved in the exit of HEV from the infected cells. ORF2 proteins form the viral capsid required for HEV invasion and assembly. They also suppress interferon production and inhibit antibody‐mediated neutralisation of HEV, allowing the virus to hijack the host immune response. ORF2 is the only detectable viral protein in the human liver during HEV infection and it is secreted in the plasma, stool, and urine of HEV‐infected patients, making it a reliable diagnostic marker. The plasma HEV ORF2 antigen level can predict the outcome of HEV infections. Hence, monitoring HEV ORF2 antigen levels may be useful in assessing the efficacy of anti‐HEV therapy. The ORF2 antigen is immunogenic and includes epitopes that can induce neutralising antibodies; therefore, it is a potential HEV vaccine candidate. In this review, we highlighted the different forms of HEV ORF2 protein and their roles in HEV pathogenesis, diagnosis, monitoring the therapeutic efficacy, and vaccine development.
ISSN:1052-9276
1099-1654
DOI:10.1002/rmv.2401