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Predictors of muscle hypertrophy responsiveness to electrically evoked resistance training after spinal cord injury
The purpose of the study was to identify potential predictors of muscle hypertrophy responsiveness following neuromuscular electrical stimulation resistance training (NMES-RT) in persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Data for twenty individuals with motor complete SCI who completed twice we...
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| Published in: | European journal of applied physiology 2023-03, Vol.123 (3), p.479-493 |
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| container_title | European journal of applied physiology |
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| creator | Gorgey, Ashraf S. Goldsmith, Jacob A. Khalil, Refka E. Liu, Xin-hua Pan, Jiangping Cardozo, Christopher Adler, Robert A. |
| description | The purpose of the study was to identify potential predictors of muscle hypertrophy responsiveness following neuromuscular electrical stimulation resistance training (NMES-RT) in persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Data for twenty individuals with motor complete SCI who completed twice weekly NMES-RT lasting 12–16 weeks as part of their participation in one of two separate clinical trials were pooled and retrospectively analyzed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the whole thigh and knee extensor muscle before and after NMES-RT. Muscle biopsies and fasting biomarkers were also measured. Following the completion of the respective NMES-RT trials, participants were classified into either high-responders (
n
= 8; muscle CSA > 20%) or low-responders (
n
= 12; muscle CSA |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00421-022-05069-0 |
| format | article |
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n
= 8; muscle CSA > 20%) or low-responders (
n
= 12; muscle CSA < 20%) based on whole thigh muscle CSA hypertrophy. Whole thigh muscle and knee extensors CSAs were significantly greater (
P
< 0.0001) in high-responders (29 ± 7% and 47 ± 15%, respectively) compared to low-responders (12 ± 3% and 19 ± 6%, respectively). There were no differences in total caloric intake or macronutrient intake between groups. Extensor spasticity was lower in the high-responders compared to the low-responders as was the dosage of baclofen. Prior to the intervention, the high-responders had greater body mass compared to the low-responders with SCI (87.8 ± 13.7 vs. 70.4 ± 15.8 kg;
P
= 0.012), body mass index (BMI: 27.6 ± 2.7 vs. 22.9 ± 6.0 kg/m
2
;
P
= 0.04), as well as greater percentage in whole body and regional fat mass (
P
< 0.05). Furthermore, high-responders had a 69% greater increase (
P
= 0.086) in total Akt protein expression than low-responders. High-responders also exhibited reduced circulating IGF-1 with a concomitant increase in IGFBP-3. Exploratory analyses revealed upregulation of mRNAs for muscle hypertrophy markers [IRS-1, Akt, mTOR] and downregulation of protein degradation markers [myostatin, MurF-1, and PDK4] in the high-responders compared to low-responders. The findings indicate that body composition, spasticity, baclofen usage, and multiple signaling pathways (anabolic and catabolic) are involved in the differential muscle hypertrophy response to NMES-RT in persons with chronic SCI.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1439-6319</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1439-6327</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05069-0</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36305973</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>AKT protein ; Baclofen ; Baclofen - metabolism ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Biopsy ; Body composition ; Body fat ; Body mass index ; Clinical trials ; Electric Stimulation Therapy - methods ; Electrical stimuli ; Human Physiology ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Hypertrophy - pathology ; Insulin receptor substrate 1 ; Insulin-like growth factor I ; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 ; Insulin-like growth factors ; Knee ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Muscle Spasticity ; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology ; Myostatin ; Neuromuscular electrical stimulation ; Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine ; Original Article ; Physical training ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt - metabolism ; Resistance Training - methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Spasticity ; Spinal cord injuries ; Spinal Cord Injuries - metabolism ; Sports Medicine ; Strength training ; TOR protein</subject><ispartof>European journal of applied physiology, 2023-03, Vol.123 (3), p.479-493</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-e021568930beacd6ddcfd7fe5d75573ab3ee6a172c4a24d2e69ecd49d228940f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-e021568930beacd6ddcfd7fe5d75573ab3ee6a172c4a24d2e69ecd49d228940f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9157-6034</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27923,27924</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36305973$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gorgey, Ashraf S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goldsmith, Jacob A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khalil, Refka E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Xin-hua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pan, Jiangping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cardozo, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adler, Robert A.</creatorcontrib><title>Predictors of muscle hypertrophy responsiveness to electrically evoked resistance training after spinal cord injury</title><title>European journal of applied physiology</title><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><description>The purpose of the study was to identify potential predictors of muscle hypertrophy responsiveness following neuromuscular electrical stimulation resistance training (NMES-RT) in persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Data for twenty individuals with motor complete SCI who completed twice weekly NMES-RT lasting 12–16 weeks as part of their participation in one of two separate clinical trials were pooled and retrospectively analyzed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the whole thigh and knee extensor muscle before and after NMES-RT. Muscle biopsies and fasting biomarkers were also measured. Following the completion of the respective NMES-RT trials, participants were classified into either high-responders (
n
= 8; muscle CSA > 20%) or low-responders (
n
= 12; muscle CSA < 20%) based on whole thigh muscle CSA hypertrophy. Whole thigh muscle and knee extensors CSAs were significantly greater (
P
< 0.0001) in high-responders (29 ± 7% and 47 ± 15%, respectively) compared to low-responders (12 ± 3% and 19 ± 6%, respectively). There were no differences in total caloric intake or macronutrient intake between groups. Extensor spasticity was lower in the high-responders compared to the low-responders as was the dosage of baclofen. Prior to the intervention, the high-responders had greater body mass compared to the low-responders with SCI (87.8 ± 13.7 vs. 70.4 ± 15.8 kg;
P
= 0.012), body mass index (BMI: 27.6 ± 2.7 vs. 22.9 ± 6.0 kg/m
2
;
P
= 0.04), as well as greater percentage in whole body and regional fat mass (
P
< 0.05). Furthermore, high-responders had a 69% greater increase (
P
= 0.086) in total Akt protein expression than low-responders. High-responders also exhibited reduced circulating IGF-1 with a concomitant increase in IGFBP-3. Exploratory analyses revealed upregulation of mRNAs for muscle hypertrophy markers [IRS-1, Akt, mTOR] and downregulation of protein degradation markers [myostatin, MurF-1, and PDK4] in the high-responders compared to low-responders. The findings indicate that body composition, spasticity, baclofen usage, and multiple signaling pathways (anabolic and catabolic) are involved in the differential muscle hypertrophy response to NMES-RT in persons with chronic SCI.</description><subject>AKT protein</subject><subject>Baclofen</subject><subject>Baclofen - metabolism</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Biopsy</subject><subject>Body composition</subject><subject>Body fat</subject><subject>Body mass index</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Electric Stimulation Therapy - methods</subject><subject>Electrical stimuli</subject><subject>Human Physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypertrophy</subject><subject>Hypertrophy - pathology</subject><subject>Insulin receptor substrate 1</subject><subject>Insulin-like growth factor I</subject><subject>Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3</subject><subject>Insulin-like growth factors</subject><subject>Knee</subject><subject>Magnetic resonance imaging</subject><subject>Muscle Spasticity</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</subject><subject>Myostatin</subject><subject>Neuromuscular electrical stimulation</subject><subject>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Physical training</subject><subject>Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt - metabolism</subject><subject>Resistance Training - methods</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Spasticity</subject><subject>Spinal cord injuries</subject><subject>Spinal Cord Injuries - metabolism</subject><subject>Sports Medicine</subject><subject>Strength training</subject><subject>TOR protein</subject><issn>1439-6319</issn><issn>1439-6327</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kU1v1DAQhi0EoqXtH-BQWeLCJTC2kzg5oqp8SJXgAGfLa09ab7N26nFWyr8ny5ZW4sBpLM3zvrb8MPZWwAcBoD8SQC1FBVJW0EDbV_CCnYpa9VWrpH75dBb9CXtDtAWAToruNTtRrYKm1-qU0Y-MPriSMvE08N1MbkR-t0yYS07T3cIz0pQihT1GJOIlcRzRlRycHceF4z7doz9QgYqNDnnJNsQQb7kdCmZOU4h25C5lz0Pcznk5Z68GOxJePM4z9uvz9c-rr9XN9y_frj7dVE7pplQIUjRt1yvYoHW-9d4NXg_YeN00WtmNQmyt0NLVVtZeYtuj83Xvpez6GgZ1xt4fe6ecHmakYnaBHI6jjZhmMlIrWD-nFnJF3_2DbtOc13cfKN0JJSXASskj5XIiyjiYKYedzYsRYA5KzFGJWZWYP0rMIXT5WD1vduifIn8drIA6ArSu4i3m57v_U_sbDCuZqQ</recordid><startdate>20230301</startdate><enddate>20230301</enddate><creator>Gorgey, Ashraf S.</creator><creator>Goldsmith, Jacob A.</creator><creator>Khalil, Refka E.</creator><creator>Liu, Xin-hua</creator><creator>Pan, Jiangping</creator><creator>Cardozo, Christopher</creator><creator>Adler, Robert A.</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-6034</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230301</creationdate><title>Predictors of muscle hypertrophy responsiveness to electrically evoked resistance training after spinal cord injury</title><author>Gorgey, Ashraf S. ; Goldsmith, Jacob A. ; Khalil, Refka E. ; Liu, Xin-hua ; Pan, Jiangping ; Cardozo, Christopher ; Adler, Robert A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-e021568930beacd6ddcfd7fe5d75573ab3ee6a172c4a24d2e69ecd49d228940f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>AKT protein</topic><topic>Baclofen</topic><topic>Baclofen - metabolism</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Biopsy</topic><topic>Body composition</topic><topic>Body fat</topic><topic>Body mass index</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Electric Stimulation Therapy - methods</topic><topic>Electrical stimuli</topic><topic>Human Physiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypertrophy</topic><topic>Hypertrophy - pathology</topic><topic>Insulin receptor substrate 1</topic><topic>Insulin-like growth factor I</topic><topic>Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3</topic><topic>Insulin-like growth factors</topic><topic>Knee</topic><topic>Magnetic resonance imaging</topic><topic>Muscle Spasticity</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</topic><topic>Myostatin</topic><topic>Neuromuscular electrical stimulation</topic><topic>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Physical training</topic><topic>Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt - metabolism</topic><topic>Resistance Training - methods</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Spasticity</topic><topic>Spinal cord injuries</topic><topic>Spinal Cord Injuries - metabolism</topic><topic>Sports Medicine</topic><topic>Strength training</topic><topic>TOR protein</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gorgey, Ashraf S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goldsmith, Jacob A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khalil, Refka E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Xin-hua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pan, Jiangping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cardozo, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adler, Robert A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Proquest Nursing & Allied Health Source</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Biological Sciences</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gorgey, Ashraf S.</au><au>Goldsmith, Jacob A.</au><au>Khalil, Refka E.</au><au>Liu, Xin-hua</au><au>Pan, Jiangping</au><au>Cardozo, Christopher</au><au>Adler, Robert A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Predictors of muscle hypertrophy responsiveness to electrically evoked resistance training after spinal cord injury</atitle><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle><stitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</stitle><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><date>2023-03-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>123</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>479</spage><epage>493</epage><pages>479-493</pages><issn>1439-6319</issn><eissn>1439-6327</eissn><abstract>The purpose of the study was to identify potential predictors of muscle hypertrophy responsiveness following neuromuscular electrical stimulation resistance training (NMES-RT) in persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Data for twenty individuals with motor complete SCI who completed twice weekly NMES-RT lasting 12–16 weeks as part of their participation in one of two separate clinical trials were pooled and retrospectively analyzed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the whole thigh and knee extensor muscle before and after NMES-RT. Muscle biopsies and fasting biomarkers were also measured. Following the completion of the respective NMES-RT trials, participants were classified into either high-responders (
n
= 8; muscle CSA > 20%) or low-responders (
n
= 12; muscle CSA < 20%) based on whole thigh muscle CSA hypertrophy. Whole thigh muscle and knee extensors CSAs were significantly greater (
P
< 0.0001) in high-responders (29 ± 7% and 47 ± 15%, respectively) compared to low-responders (12 ± 3% and 19 ± 6%, respectively). There were no differences in total caloric intake or macronutrient intake between groups. Extensor spasticity was lower in the high-responders compared to the low-responders as was the dosage of baclofen. Prior to the intervention, the high-responders had greater body mass compared to the low-responders with SCI (87.8 ± 13.7 vs. 70.4 ± 15.8 kg;
P
= 0.012), body mass index (BMI: 27.6 ± 2.7 vs. 22.9 ± 6.0 kg/m
2
;
P
= 0.04), as well as greater percentage in whole body and regional fat mass (
P
< 0.05). Furthermore, high-responders had a 69% greater increase (
P
= 0.086) in total Akt protein expression than low-responders. High-responders also exhibited reduced circulating IGF-1 with a concomitant increase in IGFBP-3. Exploratory analyses revealed upregulation of mRNAs for muscle hypertrophy markers [IRS-1, Akt, mTOR] and downregulation of protein degradation markers [myostatin, MurF-1, and PDK4] in the high-responders compared to low-responders. The findings indicate that body composition, spasticity, baclofen usage, and multiple signaling pathways (anabolic and catabolic) are involved in the differential muscle hypertrophy response to NMES-RT in persons with chronic SCI.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>36305973</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00421-022-05069-0</doi><tpages>15</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-6034</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | AKT protein Baclofen Baclofen - metabolism Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Biopsy Body composition Body fat Body mass index Clinical trials Electric Stimulation Therapy - methods Electrical stimuli Human Physiology Humans Hypertrophy Hypertrophy - pathology Insulin receptor substrate 1 Insulin-like growth factor I Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 Insulin-like growth factors Knee Magnetic resonance imaging Muscle Spasticity Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Myostatin Neuromuscular electrical stimulation Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Original Article Physical training Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt - metabolism Resistance Training - methods Retrospective Studies Spasticity Spinal cord injuries Spinal Cord Injuries - metabolism Sports Medicine Strength training TOR protein |
| title | Predictors of muscle hypertrophy responsiveness to electrically evoked resistance training after spinal cord injury |
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