Brain injury triggers cell‐type‐specific and time‐dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress responses

• Published in: Glia 2023-03, Vol.71 (3), p.667-681
• Main Authors: Fan, Qiyan, Takarada‐Iemata, Mika, Okitani, Nahoko, Tamatani, Takashi, Ishii, Hiroshi, Hattori, Tsuyoshi, Kiryu‐Seo, Sumiko, Kiyama, Hiroshi, Hori, Osamu
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Injuries - metabolism; Brain injury; Cell death; Cell viability; cerebral ischemia; Endoplasmic reticulum; Endoplasmic Reticulum - metabolism; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress - physiology; Endothelial Cells; ER stress; ERAI; Fluorescence; Green fluorescent protein; Head injuries; Homeostasis; Ischemia; Mice; Neurodegenerative diseases; Protein folding; Proteins; Signal transduction; Stress response; Therapeutic targets; Time dependence; Traumatic brain injury; Unfolded Protein Response; UPR
• ISSN: 0894-1491; 1098-1136
• DOI: 10.1002/glia.24303

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a signal transduction network that responds to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by coordinating protein homeostasis to maintain cell viability. The UPR can also trigger cell death when adaptive responses fail to improve protein homeostasis. Despite accumulating evidence suggesting that the UPR plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases and brain insults, our understanding of how ER stress is induced under neuropathological conditions is limited. Here, we investigated the cell‐ and time‐specific patterns of the ER stress response after brain injury using ER stress‐activated indicator (ERAI) mice, which enable monitoring of the UPR in vivo via increased fluorescence of a spliced XBP‐1 protein fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) variant Venus. Following cortical stab injury of ERAI mice, the GFP signal and number of GFP+ cells increased in the ipsilateral cortex throughout the observation period (6 h to 7 days post‐injury), confirming the induction of the UPR. GFP signals were observed in injured neurons early (from 6 h) after brain injury. However, non‐neuronal cells, mainly endothelial cells followed by astrocytes, accounted for the majority of GFP+ cells after brain injury. Similar results were obtained in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that activation of the UPR in both neuronal and non‐neuronal cells, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes, may play an important role in and could be a potential therapeutic target for acute brain injuries. Main Points Brain injury induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses in neuronal and non‐neuronal cells. ER stress responses after brain injury occur rapidly in neurons, most frequently in vascular endothelial cells, and relatively late in astrocytes.