Cardiovascular risk factors predict age at death in 60-year follow-up of the Seven Countries Study

• Published in: Aging clinical and experimental research 2023-01, Vol.35 (1), p.193-202
• Main Authors: Puddu, Paolo Emilio, Menotti, Alessandro, Jacobs, David R., Adachi, Hisashi, Kafatos, Antony, Tolonen, Hanna
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Blood pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology; Europe - epidemiology; Follow-Up Studies; Geriatrics/Gerontology; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Middle age; Middle Aged; Original Article; Regression analysis; Risk Factors
• ISSN: 1720-8319; 1594-0667; 1720-8319
• DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02288-5

Objectives To study age at death (AD) and its determinants in cohorts of middle-aged men followed-up until extinction. Material and methods A total of 9063 middle-aged men enrolled in 10 cohorts of 6 countries (USA, Finland, the Netherlands, Italy, Greece and Japan) within the Seven Countries Study were examined and then followed up for 60 years until extinction. AD was computed and a small number of risk factors were tested through multiple linear regression as possibly related to attained AD. Results AD ranged across cohorts from 71.8 years in East Finland and 80.5 years in Crete with levels roughly lower in the USA and Northern Europe and higher elsewhere. Across cohorts, the correlation coefficients of systolic blood pressure ( R  = −0.58) and of CVD prevalence ( R  = −0.65) versus average AD were the only significant ones. At the individual level in the pool of all cohorts, a multiple linear regression model showed that age, vigorous physical activity, never and ex-smokers were favorably related to AD, while the reverse was true for systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum cholesterol, CVD prevalence and silent ECG abnormalities. BMI had a parabolic relationship with AD. The predicting power of single risk factors, expressed in years gained or lost, was relatively small, but arbitrary combinations of several of them produced large differences in AD. Conclusions A small number of CVD risk factors were strongly associated with AD in a life-long follow-up.