Evidence for the Predator Attraction Hypothesis in an amphibian predator–prey system

• Published in: Journal of evolutionary biology 2023-01, Vol.36 (1), p.57-66
• Main Authors: Crane, Adam L., Bryshun, Reid, McCormack, Megan, Achtymichuk, Gabrielle H., Rivera‐Hernández, Ita A. E., Ferrari, Maud C. O.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: alarm cues; Alarm pheromone; Ambystoma mavortium; Amphibians; Animals; Attraction; Chemical damage; Chemical stimuli; Cues; distraction; escape; Evolution; foraging competition; Humans; Hypotheses; Larva; Lithobates sylvaticus; Maintenance; Predation; predator interference; Predators; Predatory Behavior; Prey; Ranidae; Reptiles & amphibians; survival; Urodela; Visual stimuli
• ISSN: 1010-061X; 1420-9101
• DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14128

Many species possess damage‐released chemical alarm cues that function in alerting nearby individuals to a predator attack. One hypothesis for the evolution and/or maintenance of such cues is the Predator Attraction Hypothesis, where predators, rather than prey, are the “intended” recipients of these cues. If a predator attack attracts additional predators, these secondary predators might interfere with the predation event, providing the prey with a better chance to escape. In this study, we conducted two experiments to explore this hypothesis in an amphibian predator/prey system. In Experiment 1, we found that tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) showed a foraging attraction to chemical cues from wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles. Salamanders that were experienced with tadpole prey, in particular, were strongly attracted to tadpole alarm cues. In Experiment 2, we observed experimental encounters between a tadpole and either one or two salamanders. The presence of the second predator caused salamanders to increase attack speed at the cost of decreased attack accuracy (i.e., increasing the probability that the tadpole would escape attacks). We also found that the mere presence of visual and chemical cues from a second predator did not affect this speed/accuracy trade‐off but did cause enough of a distraction to increase tadpole survival. Thus, our findings are consistent with the Predator Attraction Hypothesis for the evolution and/or maintenance of alarm cues. We explored the Predator Attraction Hypothesis for the evolution of chemical alarm cues in amphibians with two experiments testing (1) the attraction of salamander predators to tadpole alarm cues and (2) tadpole escapability in encounters with either one or multiple predators.