Dialysate regeneration via urea photodecomposition with TiO2 nanowires at therapeutic rates

Background The standard weekly treatment for end‐stage renal disease patients is three 4‐h‐long hemodialysis sessions with each session c'onsuming over 120 L of clean dialysate, which prevents the development of portable or continuous ambulatory dialysis treatments. The regeneration of a small...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Artificial organs 2023-07, Vol.47 (7), p.1174-1183
Main Authors: Shao, Guozheng, Tang, Hao, Ren, Shen, Creason, Sharon A., Faisal, Syed, Galperin, Anna, Aliseda, Alberto, Gao, Dayong, Ratner, Buddy, Hinds, Bruce J.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Activated carbon
air‐breathable electrode
Carbon dioxide
Chlorine
Crystal growth
Cytotoxicity
Decomposition reactions
Dialysate
dialysate regeneration
Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Hemostasis
Hemostatics
Hydrothermal crystal growth
Mass transfer
microwave hydrothermal synthesis
Nanotechnology
Nanowires
Osmosis
Photodecomposition
Photoelectric effect
Photooxidation
Portability
Quality of life
Regeneration
Single crystals
Substrates
Therapeutic targets
TiO2 nanowire
Titanium dioxide
Toxicity
Urea
urea photodecomposition
Ureas
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Summary:Background The standard weekly treatment for end‐stage renal disease patients is three 4‐h‐long hemodialysis sessions with each session c'onsuming over 120 L of clean dialysate, which prevents the development of portable or continuous ambulatory dialysis treatments. The regeneration of a small (~1 L) amount of dialysate would enable treatments that give conditions close to continuous hemostasis and improve patient quality of life through mobility. Methods Small‐scale studies have shown that nanowires of TiO2 are highly efficient at photodecomposing urea into CO2 and N2 when using an applied bias and an air permeable cathode. To enable the demonstration of a dialysate regeneration system at therapeutically useful rates, a scalable microwave hydrothermal synthesis of single crystal TiO2 nanowires grown directly from conductive substrates was developed. These were incorporated into 1810 cm2 flow channel arrays. The regenerated dialysate samples were treated with activated carbon (2 min at 0.2 g/mL). Results The photodecomposition system achieved the therapeutic target of 14.2 g urea removal in 24 h. TiO2 electrode had a high urea removal photocurrent efficiency of 91%, with less than 1% of the decomposed urea generating NH4+ (1.04 μg/h/cm2), 3% generating NO3− and 0.5% generating chlorine species. Activated carbon treatment could reduce total chlorine concentration from 0.15 to
ISSN:0160-564X
1525-1594
DOI:10.1111/aor.14514