The influence of altered foot placement and cognitive load on balance control during walking in healthy young adults

• Published in: Gait & posture 2023-06, Vol.103, p.37-43
• Main Authors: Small, Gabriella H., Molina, Lindsey K., Neptune, Richard R.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Balance Control; Biomechanical Phenomena; Biomechanics; Cognition; Dual-Task; Exercise Test; Foot - physiology; Gait - physiology; Humans; Postural Balance - physiology; Step Length; Step Width; Walking - physiology; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0966-6362; 1879-2219
• DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.04.007

Clinical populations often walk with altered foot placement, which can adversely affect balance control. However, it is unknown how balance control during walking is influenced when combining a cognitive load with altered foot placement. Is balance control during walking adversely affected by the combination of a more complex motor task, such as walking with altered foot placements, with a cognitive load? Fifteen young healthy adults walked on a treadmill with and without a spelling cognitive load during normal walking, with step width targets (self-selected width, narrow, wide and extra wide), or with step length targets (self-selected length, short and long). Cognitive performance, measured by correct spelling response rate, decreased from self-selected (2.407 ± 0.6 letters/s) to the extra wide width (2.011 ± 0.5 letters/s). The addition of the cognitive load caused a decrease in frontal plane balance control across all step lengths (15% change) and at the wider step widths (16% change), but only caused a slight decrease in the sagittal plane for the short step length (6.8% change). These results suggest that when combining a cognitive load with walking at non-self-selected widths, a threshold exists at wider steps where attentional resources become insufficient and balance control and cognitive performance decrease. Because decreased balance control increases the risk of falling, these results have implications for clinical populations who often walk with wider steps. Furthermore, the lack of changes to sagittal plane balance during altered step length dual-tasks further supports that frontal plane balance requires more active control. •Increasing step width with a cognitive load adversely affects frontal plane balance.•Wider steps also adversely affects cognitive performance.•Altering step length with a cognitive load does not affect sagittal plane balance.•These results further support frontal plane balance requires more active control.