Body image concerns across different sports and sporting levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis

• Published in: Body image 2023-09, Vol.46, p.9-31
• Main Authors: Burgon, Rachel H., Beard, Jessica, Waller, Glenn
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Athletes; Body image; Eating disorder; Meta-analysis; Review; Sport
• ISSN: 1740-1445; 1873-6807
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.04.007

Mixed findings exist regarding whether athletes have different levels of body image concerns to non-athletes. Such body image concerns have not been reviewed recently, meaning that new findings need to be incorporated into our understanding of the adult sporting population. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed first to characterise body image in adult athletes versus non-athletes, and second to explore whether specific sub-groups of athletes report different body image concerns. Impact of gender and competition level were considered. A systematic search identified 21 relevant papers, mostly rated moderate quality. Following a narrative review, a meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the outcomes. While the narrative synthesis indicated possible differences between types of sport, the meta-analysis demonstrated that athletes in general reported lower body image concerns than non-athletes. In general, athletes had a better body image than non-athletes, with no reliable differences between different type of sport. A combination of prevention and intervention strategies might assist athletes in focusing on the benefits to their body image without encouraging restriction/compensation or overeating. Future research should define comparison groups clearly, along with attending to training background/intensity, external pressures, gender and gender identity. •This review compares body image among adult athletes and non-athletes.•Athletes reported lower body image concerns than non-athletes.•Meta-analysis supported the conclusions of the systematic review.•Methodological inconsistencies limit the conclusions.•Future research needed to consider gender, gender identity, and specific sports.