Hydrogen Diffusion in Super 13% Chromium Martensitic Stainless Steel

ABSTRACTThe conventional 13% Cr steels, such as AISI(1) Grade 410 (UNS S41000),(2) have been used successfully as downhole tubulars for oil and gas production in sweet environments at elevated temperatures, typically up to 125°C. However, the relatively high carbon content (typically 0.14%) poses pr...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Corrosion (Houston, Tex.) Tex.), 2005-04, Vol.61 (4), p.348-354
Main Authors: Hinds, G., Zhao, J., Griffi ths, A.J., Turnbull, A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Cathodic protection
Charging
Chromium
Chromium steels
Hydrogen
Hydrogen permeation
Martensite
Martensitic stainless steels
Occupancy
Retained austenite
Room temperature
Stainless steel
Temperature
Trapping
Uptake
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Summary:ABSTRACTThe conventional 13% Cr steels, such as AISI(1) Grade 410 (UNS S41000),(2) have been used successfully as downhole tubulars for oil and gas production in sweet environments at elevated temperatures, typically up to 125°C. However, the relatively high carbon content (typically 0.14%) poses problems for welding, making the steel unsuitable for oil and gas transmission lines. Carbon steel with inhibition has been used traditionally for pipelines, but the maintenance requirements are a disadvantage. To achieve a balance of capital and maintenance costs in distributing fluids that are not too aggressive, super 13% Cr steels were developed, with low carbon content, 0.02%, and a range of Mo contents designed to give varying degrees of corrosion resistance according to the temperature, chloride concentration, and partial pressures of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).1 In principle, the low C content enables the pipe to be welded satisfactorily without post-weld heat treatment.2 The external surface of the pipes is cathodically protected. Accordingly, the possibility of failure by hydrogen embrittlement (HE) has to be considered and appropriate laboratory testing undertaken. Characterization of the hydrogen uptake, diffusivity, and trapping behavior is important in establishing the relationship between material variables and cracking, clarifying the impact of exposure conditions and guiding the best experimental practice in relation to test time and specimen type. A number of measurements of hydrogen uptake have been made on super
ISSN:0010-9312
1938-159X
DOI:10.5006/1.3279887