“I enjoy the good foods, all of which are not good for me.” The categorization and moralization of food

• Published in: Appetite 2023-12, Vol.191, p.107071, Article 107071
• Main Authors: Jackson, Alexandra Malia, Iniguez, Anaderi, Min, Hyun Jeong, Strickland, Megan, Lanigan, Jane
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Choice Behavior; Diet, Healthy - psychology; Eating - psychology; Emotions; Feeding Behavior - psychology; Female; Food categorization; Food Labeling - methods; Food Preferences - psychology; Humans; Intuition; Intuitive eating; Male; Middle Aged; Moralization; Morals; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0195-6663; 1095-8304; 1095-8304
• DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107071

Intuitive eating emphasizes eating in response to physiological cues of hunger and satiety and is associated with multiple positive health outcomes. Unconditional permission to eat (UPE), a domain of intuitive eating, encourages removing food classifications and permission to eat all foods. However, the categorization of food is described as a method to simplify decision making and moralization of foods can help prioritize food items in consumption. Thus, we were interested in understanding how foods are labeled and applied, the moralization of foods, and how individuals with low UPE labeled and moralize foods. Using Prolific Academic, we recruited 49 adults 18 years and older living in the United States to complete an online survey and interview. The survey assessed intuitive eating (IES-2) and the interview explored what and how participants eat and their thoughts and feelings about their body. Participants frequently used multiple labels when talking about foods. Healthy and unhealthy were common and offered a rationale for consumption, emotions were used to label foods, and taste and cost were important to food choice. Participants frequently moralized foods, although three participants explicitly stated they choose not to moralize foods. Individuals reporting low UPE described the importance of restriction and were following strict dietary recommendations. While labeling foods has been proposed to simplify decision-making, the use of labels is highly nuanced and thus understanding the connections between how foods are labeled and behaviors may be highly complex. We suggest future research explore how the categorization and moralization of food are associated with health behaviors and outcomes, how differing definitions of “healthy/unhealthy” foods are associated with behaviors, and the impacts of food insecurity and chronic disease management on food categorization and moralization.