Sodium and water dynamics in the progression of chronic kidney disease: mechanisms and clinical significance

• Published in: International urology and nephrology 2024-06, Vol.56 (6), p.1953-1963
• Main Authors: Spahia, Nereida, Rroji, Merita, Idrizi, Alma, Spasovski, Goce, Barbullushi, Myftar
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aldosterone; Angiotensin; Blood pressure; Cardiovascular diseases; Clinical trials; Dialysis; Diet; Glomerular filtration rate; Hypertension; Kidney diseases; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Nephrology; Nephrology - Review; Nutrient deficiency; Patients; Proteinuria; Renin; Risk factors; Salt; Sodium; Urology; Water intake
• ISSN: 1573-2584; 0301-1623; 1573-2584
• DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03903-8

Aim Lifestyle modifications can postpone the progression of chronic kidney disease toward its terminal stage. This mini-review aims to explore the impact of salt and water intake on the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and provide insights into the optimal consumption levels to preserve the glomerular filtration rate. Methods We reviewed relevant literature to examine the association between salt and water consumption and CKD progression. Our analysis includes discussions on the pathophysiology, findings from clinical trials, and recommended intake guidelines. Results Sodium intake, often linked to cardiovascular risk and CKD progression, has shown a complex J-shaped association in some studies, leading to uncertainty about the ideal salt intake level. Sodium and fluid retention are key factors contributing to hypertension, a well-established risk factor for CKD progression. Low-sodium diets have demonstrated promise in reducing blood pressure and enhancing the effects of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors in non-dialysis CKD patients. However, a debate persists regarding the independent effect of salt restriction on CKD progression. Despite medical recommendations, salt consumption remains high among CKD patients. Additionally, the role of water consumption in CKD remains controversial despite its established benefits for CKD prevention in the general population. Conclusion Lifestyle modifications involving salt and water intake can influence the progression of CKD. While low-sodium diets have shown potential for mitigating hypertension and proteinuria in non-dialysis CKD patients, their independent impact on CKD progression warrants further investigation. The role of water consumption in CKD remains uncertain, and there is a need for additional research in this area. Clinicians should consider individualized dietary recommendations for CKD patients to help preserve the glomerular filtration rate and improve overall outcomes.